Chapter 25, 26, 27

What did Congress hope to avoid by passing the Neutrality Act of 1937?

A complete ban on foreign trade

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

How did the timing of Allied action on the three European war fronts compare?

Action on the southern front preceded action on the other fronts.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.

How did the newly formed Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) try to fight racial injustice in the United States?

With sit-ins and picketing against discriminatory businesses

What impact did the kamikaze attacks on the U.S. Navy have during the battle over Okinawa in 1945?

The kamikaze attacks eliminated what had remained of the Japanese air force.

Double V Campaign

World War II campaign in America to attack racism at home and abroad. The campaign pushed the federal government to require defense contractors to integrate their workforces. In response, Franklin Roosevelt authorized a committee to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment.

How did World War II affect the U.S. domestic economy?

World War II dramatically expanded American employment and wages.

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

In 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order that all Americans of Japanese decent on the West Coast be rounded up and

confined in internment camps

11. The primary mission of Japanese kamikaze pilots was to

defend Okinawa from U.S. troops.

What new job opportunities did the wartime economy create for American women during the years 1941-1945?

Factory work on production lines

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy announced by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 that promised the United States would not interfere in the internal or external affairs of another country, thereby ending U.S. military interventions in Latin America.

On June 6, 1944, the General Dwight Eisenhower mounted the largest amphibious assault in world history to invade

France.

Holocaust

German effort during World War II to murder Europe's Jews, along with other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirable." Despite reports of the ongoing genocide, the Allies did almost nothing to interfere. In all, some 11 million people were killed in the Holocaust, most of them were Jews.

How successful was German submarine warfare against American targets in 1942?

German submarines sank a significant number of American ships.

4. What event sparked the beginning of World War II?

Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939?

What made the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a serious strategic error?

It galvanized American support for full-scale entry into World War II.

How did the ordeal of World War II affect the state of the Soviet Union?

It killed more than twenty million citizens and weakened the country's economy.

8. What was the significance of the U.S. and British landing in Sicily in July 1943?

It marked the end of Mussolini's fascism.

3. How did the U.S. government respond to the Spanish Civil War?

It offered no help to the Loyalists, despite sympathy for their cause.

How did the United States exert its economic influence on Latin American countries ruled by dictators.

It reduced American tariffs for countries that would lower their tariffs on American exports in return.

What was the function of the Selective Service Act of 1940?

It registered men of military age to be drafted into the armed services.

What does the poster suggest about the good neighbor policy during World War II?

It suggests that the United States wanted to continue the good neighbor policy and rely on Latin American support in the war effort.

1. Which nation, in an effort to increase its global power, invaded the northern Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931?

Japan

What led Truman to decide to drop a second atomic bomb in Japan only three days after the attack on Hiroshima?

Japan did not surrender after the first bomb, and he thought the second was necessary to win the war.

What event followed Franklin Roosevelt's cooling of support for the League of Nations in 1932?

Japan's and Germany's withdrawal from the league

What sentiment is the photographer trying to convey about internment of Japanese Americans?

Japanese Americans are not resisting internment.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Battle of Midway

June 3-6, 1942, naval battle in the Central Pacific in which American forces surprised and defeated the Japanese who had been massing an invasion force aimed at Midway Island. The battle put the Japanese at a disadvantage for the rest of the war.

As a result of their employment in northern wartime industries, African Americans

experienced an 80 percent drop in their unemployment rate.

5. In the Tripartite Pact of 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan agreed to

form a defensive alliance among imperial powers.

After World War II, Joseph Stalin felt that U.S. officials' insistence that he permit democratic elections in Eastern Europe was

hypocritical.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the date of the Allied invasion of northern France. D Day was the largest amphibious assault in world history. The invasion opened a second front against the Germans and moved the Allies closer to victory in Europe.

Selective Service Act

Law enacted in 1940 requiring all men who would be eligible for a military draft to register in preparation for the possibility of a future conflict. The act also prohibited discrimination based on "race or color."

Lend-Lease Act

Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war.

Neutrality Acts

Legislation passed in 1935 and 1937 that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. The 1937 act prohibited selling arms to nations at war and required nations to pay cash for nonmilitary goods and to transport them in their own ships.

GI Bill of Rights

Legislation passed in 1944 authorizing the government to provide World War II veterans with funds for education, housing, and health care, as well as loans to start businesses and buy homes.

Internment Camps

Makeshift prison camps, to which Americans of Japanese descent were sent as a result of Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, issued in February 1942. In 1944, the Supreme Court upheld this blatant violation of constitutional rights as a "military necessity."

What was the total number of civilian victims-including Jews, gays, gypsies, and religious and political dissenters-exterminated by the Nazis?

11 million

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Why did American families have to be frugal during the war years?

A 30 percent inflation over the course of the war neutralized many wage gains.

After it conquered the oil-rich Dutch East Indies in 1942, where did Japan next aim its sights?

Australia and New Zealand

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

How was black jazz musicians' participation in such programs ironic?

Black Americans still faced segregation ad harsh racial discrimination at home in the United States.

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Appeasement

British strategy aimed at avoiding a war with Germany in the late 1930s by not objecting to Hitler's policy of territorial expansion.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

9. How did President Roosevelt respond to A. Phillip Randolph's plans to organize a march of 100,000 on Washington, D.C., in 1941?

He authorized the Committee of Fair Employment Practices.

How did President Roosevelt finally win sufficient support to pass the Lend-Lease Act in January 1941?

He called on Americans to endorse his commitments to the defense of democracy and human rights.

Why did Neville Chamberlain offer terms of "appeasement" for Germany in 1938?

He hoped to avoid war if at all possible.

How did President Roosevelt respond to A. Phillip Randolph's plans to bring 100,000 protesters to Washington, D.C. in 1941?

He risked offending his southern allies by authorizing the Committee on Fair Employment Practices.

How did British Prime Minister Winston Churchill stiffen English resolve against Nazi Germany?

He vowed to never surrender.

What did Stalin promise to Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference in February 1945?

He would allow the self-determination of Eastern European countries.

How successful were Nazi advances in the early years of World War II?

Nazi advances in the early years of World War II were fast and successful, meeting limited resistance.

How did the overseas territory controlled by Japan in 1941 compare to the Japan's own land area?

Overseas areas of occupation were about four times the size of Japan.

What was the Roosevelt administration hoping to achieve with the 1941 Lend-Lease Act?

Roosevelt wanted Britain to obtain arms from the United States without paying cash.

Which practice did the League of United Latin-American Citizens (LULAC) convince a federal court to prohibit in Southern California school districts in 1947?

Segregating Mexican American students in separate schools or classrooms

With the help of the Chinese, the North Koreans drove the UN forces back into South Korea in September 1950 and recaptured

Seoul.

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

Casablanca

Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war

Okinawa

Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

What parallels did African Americans draw between their struggle for equality at home and the Allies' fight against Nazi ideology?

The Allies fought against the Nazis and their ideology of Aryan supremacy and African Americans fought against white supremacy at home.

What impact did the Battle of the Bulge, which resulted from Hitler's attack on the Allied supply base at Antwerp, have on the war in Europe?

The Battle of the Bulge delayed the Allied advance toward Germany.

Why was defending the Suez Canal an important achievement for the British?

The British relied on the canal for access to oil supplies and the British colonies.

How did the U.S. Supreme Court respond to Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 in its ruling on the 1944 Koremotsu case?

The Court upheld the order as justified by military necessity.

Which country joined Great Britain in the fight against Hitler in January of 1941?

The Soviet Union

Why did the U.S. government ask unions to pledge not to strike?

The U.S. war economy could not afford interruptions related to strikes.

What happened at the Battle of Midway in 1942?

The United States dealt the Japanese navy a devastating blow.

Why was the United States able to double its exports to Latin America between 1933 and 1940?

The United States had negotiated tariff reductions with over twenty Latin American nations during that time.

How did United States weapons production compare to that of the Soviet Union?

The United States produced more warships and planes, while the Soviet Union dominated in artillery and tanks.

How significant was the draft in shaping United States armed forces during World War II?

The draft was effective and provided the majority of service members during World War II.

Why were the meetings fo Allied leaders at Tehran and Yalta significant?

They allowed Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin to coordinate military strategy and discuss the shape of the postwar world.

How did government advertisements try to draw women into the workforce?

They assured women that their household chores had prepared them for factory work.

How did Wester Democracies respond to the fascist attack on the democratically elected Republican government in Spain in 1936?

They did absolutely nothing.

What expectations did American GIs have about the anticipated invasion of the Japanese main islands?

They expected horrendous casualties and losses.

6. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between American ethnic minorities and the armed forces during World War II?

They fought in large numbers in the armed forces despite discriminatory treatment.

7. How did American labor unions respond to the production demands of World War II?

They granted the government's request that they pledge not to strike.

Why had President Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan Project in 1942?

To develop the nuclear bomb before the Germans did

Why did so many African Americans move out of the South and into the North during World War II?

To find jobs in war industries

2. What was the goal of Roosevelt's "good neighbor" policy?

To form a less belligerent, more cooperative relationship with Latin America

Why did Franklin Roosevelt announce a trade embargo to deny Japanese access to oil and scrap iron in July 1941?

To thwart Japan's plans to invade the Dutch East Indies

Manhattan Project

Top-secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. The thousands of Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945.

What permitted the rise of dictators such as Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua and Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, who gained and maintained power during the Roosevelt administration?

U.S. businesses supported them, and the good neighbor policy kept the United States from intervening to ooust them.

What was the significance of the Battle in the Coral Sea in May 1942?

U.S. victory there halted the Japanese advance on Australia and New Zealand.

Island hopping campaign

US strategy to reach mainland Japan by capturing key islands

In his campaign for an unprecedented third term as president, Franklin Roosevelt tried to

allay Americans' fears that he would quickly lead them into war.

"The Big Three"

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

12. The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki only three days after the attack on Hiroshima

because the first bomb did not lead to a Japanese surrender to the United States.

"Cash-and-carry"

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

10. In February 1945, the Big Three met at Yalta to discuss

postwar self-determination for the people of Eastern Europe.

In early 1942, the Japanese succeeded in getting the United States to surrender its stronghold in

the Philippines.

In his foreign policy before World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought

to encourage free trade and disarmament.

At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union each had a vision of the post war world that

was shaped by suspicion, distrust, and antagonism toward the other.