chapter 25

In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which:

A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries..

In order to survive, Shiites developed the theological concept of taqiyya, which:

Allows them to pretend they are Sunnis..

Among other measures, the system proposed by Sergei Witte:

Converted to the gold standard in order to stabilize the currency..

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:

Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.

The Rose Garden Edict (1839) did all of the following except:

Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens..

Napoleon's invasion of Ottoman Egypt in 1798 and Russia in 1812 drove home to their rulers that:

His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs..

The emancipation of Russian serfs fell far short of liberating the peasantry for all of the following reasons except:

Newly freed serfs were encouraged to emigrate to the Kingdom of Poland and farms were abandoned..

Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because:

None of the groups received outside support in their effort.

Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but:

The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors..

Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was:

The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces..

When they established power, the Qajars:

Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges

In the mid-1700s, agents responsible for the collection of taxes, like the "notables" in the Balkans and the "valley lords" in western Anatolia:

Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul..