Chapter 25: Fluids, Electrolytes, & Acid Base Homeostasis
The hormone PTH causes __________. -a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions -a decrease in the activity of osteoclasts -a decrease in the reabsorption of calcium ions -a decrease in the absorption of calcium ions
A decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions
Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water? Extracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid Cytosol
Cytosol
What is the most common cause for hypernatremia? Edema Dehydration Hypotonic hydration Water toxicity
Dehydration
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)? -ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present. -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has no effect on ECF. -ECF increases initially, then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present. -ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present
Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water? Nonelectrolyte Starch Glucose Electrolyte
Electrolyte
What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution? -Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert. -Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution. -Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert. -Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert.
The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration. hypokalemia hyponatremia hypercalcemia hyperkalemia hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
Mrs. Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal. Hyperventilation The kidneys secrete bicarbonate ions into the urine. Hypoventilation The kidneys retain hydrogen ions.
Hyperventilation
What leads to respiratory acidosis? -Increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate -Increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate -Hypoventilation -Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Which of the following statements about ECF is correct? -It accounts for about 60% of total body water. -It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid. -It is found inside cells. -It has the same composition as the ICF.
It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.
What is a major function of potassium ions in the body? -Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells -Activating enzymes -Forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue -Maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
Increased water intake causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will __________. move from the ECF to the ICF move from the ICF to the ECF move from the interstitial fluid to the plasma not move in any of the listed directions
Move from the ECF to the ICF
Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body? -Digestive and urinary systems -Integumentary and skeletal systems -Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems -Respiratory and urinary systems
Respiratory and urinary systems
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Select the patient for whom this solution an appropriate choice. -The patient produces too little parathyroid hormone (PTH). -The patient is dehydrated. -The patient is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration. -The patient is experiencing hypovolemia.
The patient is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration
Water obeys the principle of mass balance. In other words, what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body. true or false
True
What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body? Respiratory system Digestive system Integumentary system Urinary system
Urinary system
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys? aldosterone vitamin D3 (calcitonin) parathyroid hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
aldosterone
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to __________. -buffer intracellular fluid (ICF) -buffer stomach acid -buffer extracellular fluid (ECF) -buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of: hydrogen ions. magnesium ions. sodium ions. calcium ions.
hydrogen ions.
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism. hypokalemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia hypernatremia hypercalcemia
hypercalcemia
This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts. hyponatremia hyperkalemia hypokalemia hypernatremia hypercalcemia
hyperkalemia
Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as ________. metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis
metabolic acidosis
The main compensatory mechanism for this acid-base imbalance is hyperventilation. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day? 1500 ml 2500 ml 500 ml 5000 ml
500 ml
To compensate for this acid-base imbalance, the kidneys secrete more bicarbonate ions and reabsorb more hydrogen ions. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as: metabolic alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis.
respiratory alkalosis.
Bicarbonate is an example of a(n) __________. -Fluid -Base -Electrolyte -acid
BASE
Determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion. Carbonic acid Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium bicarbonate
Carbonic acid
Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution. pH of 4 pH of 1 pH of 10 pH of 7
pH of 10
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys? Vitamin D3 (calcitonin) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Aldosterone
Aldosterone
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate? Acid-base imbalance pH imbalance Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Metabolic alkalosis
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Which of the following is an ion found primarily in the ECF? HPO42- HCO3- Mg2+ K+
HCO3-
If you double the total amount of Na ions but you also double the amount of water they are dissolved in, __________. -the concentrations of Na and water will double -Na ion concentration will increase -Na ion concentration will stay the same -Na ion concentration will decrease
Na ion concentration will stay the same
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body? Loose connective tissue Intracellular fluid Osseous tissue Extracellular fluid
Osseous tissue
Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone __________. -ANP -ADH -calcitonin -PTH
PTH
Which hormone has no role in potassium ion regulation? Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Epinephrine Aldosterone Insulin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)? Potassium ions Phosphate ions Sodium ions Chloride ions
Phosphate ions
What is the most abundant extracellular cation? Potassium ion Sodium ion Magnesium ion Chlorine ion
Sodium ion
If the PCO2 in the plasma increases, what effect will this have on plasma pH? The pH will decrease. The pH will remain the same. The pH will increase. PCO2 has no effect on pH.
The pH will decrease.
In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma? -Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma. -Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell. -There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma. -Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma
Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least. -cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma, interstitial fluid -plasma, cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid -interstitial fluid, cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma -cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? -increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood -increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood -decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood -decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water? -glucose -starch -electrolyte -nonelectrolyte
electrolyte
The osmotic pressure gradient, or the force of solutes in a solution, tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure, or the more concentrated solution, by osmosis. True or false
false
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics. hypercalcemia hyperkalemia hypernatremia hyponatremia hypokalemia
hypokalemia
This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration. hypokalemia hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypercalcemia hypernatremia
hyponatremia
Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as: nonsense water loss. obligatory water loss. sensible water loss. insensible water loss.
insensible water loss.
What is a major function of potassium ions in the body? -maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF) -maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells -activating enzymes -forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue
maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation -metabolic acidosis with no compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation? -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be. -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as: metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis.
metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory compensation for this acid-base balance occurs via hypoventilation
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance? -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with no compensation -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
What leads to metabolic alkalosis? -diabetic ketoacidosis in which excess acids are produced -prolonged diarrhea in which bicarbonate ions are lost in the feces -prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents -visiting a high altitude location
prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
This acid-base imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation? -respiratory acidosis; hyperventilation -metabolic acidosis; hypoventilation by the lungs -respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+ -respiratory alkalosis; kidneys will retain more H+ and excrete HCO3
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
The normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids is equal to a pH range of about 7.35-7.45. True False
true
Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II? -increase sodium ion reabsorption -stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion -stimulation of aldosterone secretion -vasodilation
vasodilation
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to ________. water balance pH balance nonelectrolyte balance acid-base balance
water balance
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to: water balance. nonelectrolyte balance. pH balance. acid-base balance.
water balance.