Chapter 25 MC Questions (BIOL 1307)
25) Green algae differ from land plants in that some green algae 25) A) are heterotrophs. B) have cell walls containing cellulose. C) have plastids. D) have alternation of generations. E) are unicellular
E
1) The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of 1) A) green algae. B) brown algae. C) diatoms. D) dinoflagellates.
A
10) Which of the following is the most likely sequence of events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of sponges (organisms with many cells that have different functions)? 1. single-celled eukaryote 2. single-celled prokaryote 3. multicellular eukaryote 4. colonial eukaryote 10) A) 2, 1, 4, 3 B) 1, 2, 4, 3 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4
A
11) The evolution of multicellularity in animals required adaptations that promoted 11) A) cellular adhesion and intercellular communication. B) cellular migration and cellular adhesion. C) cellular migration and intercellular communication. D) photosynthesis and cellular migration. E) cellular fusion and regeneration.
A
13) The evolution of multicellularity in animals has primarily occurred by 13) A) changing how existing genes are used. B) deleting many old genes. C) deleting many old chromosomes. D) producing many new genes.
A
17) Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? 17) A) They possess two flagella. B) Many types lack mitochondria. C) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor and are mined to serve as a filtering material. D) All known varieties are autotrophic. E) Their walls are usually composed of silica plates.
A
21) Rhizarians that feed using threadlike pseudopodia include which of the following group(s)? I. forams II. red algae III. cercozoans IV. green algae 21) A) I and III B) I and IV C) II and III D) II and IV
A
30) Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes, which one contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants? 30) A) Archeplastida B) Unikonta C) Excavata D) SAR
A
32) Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? 32) A) diatom B) apicomplexan C) kinetoplastid D) foram
A
36) Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs? 36) A) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. B) The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms. C) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms. D) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water.
A
45) Given its mode of reproduction and internal structures, which of the following should be expected to occur in Giardia at some stage of its life cycle? 1. separation (segregation) of daughter chromosomes 2. crossing over 3. meiosis 45) A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 2 D) 1 and 3 E) 2 and 3
A
46) Unlike most excavates, Giardia trophozoites have no oral groove and are unable to form food vacuoles. Thus, we should expect its nutrition (mostly glucose) to come from 46) A) plasma membrane proteins that are transporters or pumps. B) osmosis involving aquaporins (proteins that transport water across cell membranes). C) its mitosomes. D) endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. E) the ventral disk by which it adheres to the intestinal lining.
A
5) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? 5) A) from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria B) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell C)from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions D) by secondary endosymbiosis E) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
A
52) The closest living relative of P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. What type of evidence permits biologists to make this claim about relatedness? 52) A) genetic B) ecological C) biochemical D) fossil E) morphological
A
6) An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? 6) A) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. B) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. C) It has multiple alveoli. D) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. E) It has an endospore.
A
69) Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because 69) A)all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. B) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. D) without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur.
A
Diatoms are encased in cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can vary. The material used to store excess calories can also vary. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide laminarin and at other times as oil. The table shows data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms and of their environment. 39) Using dead diatoms to "pump" CO2 to the seafloor is feasible only if dead diatoms sink quickly. Consequently, application of mineral fertilizers, such as iron, should be most effective at times when diatom valves 39) A) are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. B) are thinnest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. C) are thinnest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. D) are thickest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin.
A
When red and blue light are shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals thousands of cilia on the surface of the organism. 40) Test tube 4 contains 40) A) Paramecium. B) Navicula (diatom). C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). D) Plasmodium.
A
12) The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a 12) A) colonial photosynthetic prokaryote. B) single-celled eukaryote. C) multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote. D) multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote.
B
14) Multicellular colonies of plant cells adhere to each other primarily by ________, whereas multicellular colonies of animal cells are typically held together by ________. 14) A) interlocking cellular shapes; large, calcified capsules B) cell walls; proteins C) interlocking chloroplasts; interlocking mitochondria D) cell walls; fused cellular membranes E) fusion of cellular membranes; cell walls
B
19) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? 19) A) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? B) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? C) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? D) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells? E)How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface?
B
24) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and can absorb both green and blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? 24) A) dinoflagellates B) red algae C) green algae D) brown algae
B
27) The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds' 27) A) physical appearance. B) DNA sequences. C) choice of habitats. D) reproductive methods. E) nutritional modes.
B
3) Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? 3) A) the size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells B)the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts C) the observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria D)the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
B
31) Why is there controversy surrounding the eukaryotic tree? 31) A)It suggests that amoebozoans are more closely related (evolutionarily) to red algae than green algae. B)The root of the tree is uncertain such that it is unknown which supergroup was the first to diverge from all other eukaryotes. C) It suggests that the unikonts are evolutionarily derived from the archeplastids. D) The tree lacks branches for species that have yet to be classified.
B
34) In a synthetic biology experiment, you are given a task to design a new species of aquatic protist. Your design should account for the following characteristics: 1. The protist functions as a primary producer. 2. It cannot swim on its own. 3. It must stay in well-lit surface waters. 4. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. Based on these criteria, you decide to model your creation after a(n) 34) A) red alga. B) diatom. C) apicomplexan. D) dinoflagellate. E) radiolarian.
B
4) All protists are 4) A) symbionts. B) eukaryotic. C) unicellular. D) mixotrophic. E) monophyletic.
B
53) The closest living relative of P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following, if observed, would be the best reason for relabeling P. chromatophora as a mixotroph? 53) A) a secretory vesicle B) a vacuole with food inside C) a contractile vacuole D) a threadlike pseudopod
B
55) If true, which of the following would be most important in determining whether P. chromatophora's cyanelle is still an endosymbiont or is an organelle, as the term cyanelle implies? 55) A) if P. chromatophora is less fit without its cyanelle than with it B)if there has been movement of genes from the cyanelle genome to the nuclear genome, such that these genes are no longer present in the cyanelle genome C) if the cyanelle is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it D) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the cyanelle and the host cercozoan
B
56) If true, which of the following is the best evidence that the cyanelles are providing nutrition (in other words, calories) to the surrounding cercozoan? 56) A) if the cyanelle performs aerobic respiration B)if radiolabeled 14CO2 enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabeled glucose is present in cercozoan cytosol C) if the cyanelle performs aerobic photosynthesis D) if the vesicle membrane that surrounds each cyanelle possesses glucose-transport proteins
B
61) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be aposymbiotic. It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming that compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria's habitat? 61) A) no light, no bacterial prey B) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey C) abundant light, no bacterial prey D) no light, abundant bacterial prey
B
67) The evolution of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes 67) A) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all multicellular eukaryotes. B) occurred independently in several eukaryotic lineages. C) occurred only once, in the animal lineage. D) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
B
68) Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of 68) A) origin of the plastids from archaea. B) secondary endosymbiosis. C) fusion of plastids. D) evolution from mitochondria.
B
71) Based on the phylogenetic tree in the figure given below, which of the following statements is correct? A) Excavata is the most basal eukaryotic supergroup. B) The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined. C) The most recent common ancestor of Excavata is older than that of SAR. 13 D)The most recent common ancestor of red algae and plants is older than that of nucleariids and fungi.
B
8) Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms? 8) A) They eventually developed flagella. B)Some of their genes and cellular characteristics were derived from archaea, and others from bacteria. C) Their diversity outnumbers prokaryotes by over 1 million species. D) They eventually developed cellulose plates
B
Diatoms are encased in cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can vary. The material used to store excess calories can also vary. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide laminarin and at other times as oil. The table shows data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms and of their environment. 38) Judging from the table and given that water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures, in which environment should diatoms (and other suspended particles) sink most slowly? 38) A) warm seawater B) cold seawater C) cold pure water D) warm pure water
B
When red and blue light are shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals thousands of cilia on the surface of the organism. 41) Test tube 2 contains 41) A) Paramecium. B) Navicula (diatom). C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). D) Plasmodium
B
15) Which of the following organism pairs is/are an example of secondary endosymbiosis? I. red algaeNheterotrophic eukaryote II. green algaeNheterotrophic eukaryote III. E. coli bacteriaNphotosynthetic cyanobacterium IV. Chlamydomonas and Gonium 15) A) I only B) II and III C) III and IV D) I and II
D
16) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics are mismatched? 16) A)euglenozoansNunicellular flagellates B) mixotrophsNcombine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition C) ciliatesNred tide organisms D) apicomplexansNinternal parasites
C
20) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? 20) A) bladders B) alveoli C) holdfasts D) flagella
C
22) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? 22) A) cercozoans B) red algae C) foraminiferans D) diatoms
C
26) Some scientists who study organismal classification believe that green algae should be in an expanded "plant" kingdom called Viridiplantae. If land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of it? 26) A) It will be monophyletic. B) It will be a true clade. C) It will be paraphyletic. D) It will more accurately depict evolutionary relationships than does the current taxonomy.
C
28) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? 28) A) autotroph or heterotroph B) diploid or haploid C) unicellular or multicellular D) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
C
29) Which of the following statements concerning protists is true? 29) A) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. B)All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. C)All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. D) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts. E) All apicomplexans are autotrophic.
C
49) If the mitosomes of Giardia contain no DNA, yet are descendants of what were once free-living organisms, then where are we likely to find the genes that encode their structures, and what accounts for their current location there? 49) A) plasmids; transformation B) nucleus; S phase C) nucleus; horizontal gene transfer D) plasmids; conjugation
C
58) Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle, how many phospholipid (not lipopolysaccharide) bilayers should be found around each cyanelle, and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it? 58) A) two; outermost B) three; outermost C) two; innermost D) three; middle E) three; innermost
C
62) Theoretically, P. bursaria can obtain zoochlorella either vertically (via the asexual reproduction of its mother cell) or horizontally (by ingesting free-living Chlorella from its habitat). Consider a P. bursaria cell containing zoochlorellae, but whose habitat lacks free-living Chlorella. If this cell subsequently undergoes many generations of asexual reproduction, if all of its daughter cells contain roughly the same number of zoochlorellae as it had originally contained, and if the zoochlorellae are all haploid and identical in appearance, then what is true? 62) A) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a decreasing rate over time. B) The zoochlorellae reproduced sexually, undergoing mitosis and meiosis. C) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a fairly constant rate over time. D) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at an increasing rate over time.
C
65) The diatoms' porous shells are hard but often break and result in sharp edges. Crop farmers incorporate DE into their soil to help kill insect pests. When insects encounter DE, sharp shell edges cut through their exoskeletons and then softer, broken down DE absorbs insect body fluids, thereby causing the insects to die due to dehydration. Why might farmers who raise large livestock also use DE in the animals' feed? 65) A) DE encourages growth of "healthy" intestinal bacteria. B) The porous nature of the shells in the DE helps keep livestock hydrated. C) The sharp shells can damage the tissue of intestinal parasites and eventually kill them. D)DE helps to slow down the livestocks' digestion of food, thereby increasing nutrient absorption.
C
7) Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? 7) A) mitosome B) mitochondrion C) chloroplast D) hydrogenosome
C
When red and blue light are shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals thousands of cilia on the surface of the organism. 42) Test tube 1 contains 42) A) Paramecium. B) Navicula (diatom). C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). D) Plasmodium.
C
18) Why is the filamentous morphology of the slime molds considered a case of convergent evolution with fungi? 18) A) Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms. B) Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily ancestral for all eukaryotes. C) Water molds evolved from filamentous fungi. D)DNA sequence analyses indicate that slime molds descended from different unicellular ancestors than did fungi.
D
2) What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses 2) A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 C) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 D) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 E) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
D
23) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? 23) A) cyanobacteria green algae fungi land plants B) red algae brown algae green algae land plants C) cyanobacteria red algae green algae land plants D) cyanobacteria green algae land plants
D
35) Which of the following is (are) mutualistic partnerships between a protist and a host organism? I. cellulose-digesting gut protistsNwood-eating termites II. dinoflagellatesNreef-building coral animals III. TrichomonasNhumans IV. algaeNcertain foraminiferans 35) A) I only B) II and IV C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and IV
D
37) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 37) A) 2 and 3 B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 4 D) 1 and 4
D
44) Giardia's mitosome can be said to be "doubly degenerate," because it is a degenerate form of ________, an organelle that is itself a degenerate form of ________. 44) A) nucleus; archaean B) mitochondrion; spirochete C) chloroplast; cyanobacterium D) mitochondrion; proteobacterium E) nucleus; bacterium
D
48) The cysts of Giardia are most analogous to the 48) A) nuclei of archaeans. B) capsids of viruses. C) mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads. D) endospores of bacteria
D
50) The primary treatment for giardiasis (infection with Giardia), trichomoniasis (infection with Trichomonas vaginalis), and amoebic dysentery (infection with Entamoeba histolytica) is a drug marketed as Flagyl (generic name is metronidazole). The drug also kills anaerobic gut bacteria. Consequently, which of these are cues that Flagyl's mode of action has nothing to do with attacking or disabling flagella, as the drug's name might imply? 1. Flagyl would also harm the flagellated lining of the human intestine. 2. Entamoeba possesses pseudopods, not flagella, yet it is killed by Flagyl. 3. Not all anaerobic gut bacteria possess flagella, yet flagyl kills these bacteria. 50) A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 1 and 2 D) 2 and 3 E) 1 and 3
D
51) What must occur for asexual reproduction to be successful in P. chromatophora? 1. mitosis 2. S phase 3. meiosis 4. equal distribution of cyanelles during cytokinesis 51) A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4
D
54) Which of the following represents the true significance of the finding that the cyanelles of P. chromatophora stem from a different type of cyanobacterium than gave rise to chloroplasts? 54) A) This finding represents the first time that primary endosymbiosis has been directly observed. B)This finding is the first evidence that eukaryotic cells do not necessarily digest prokaryotic cells that manage to gain access to their cytoplasm. C) This finding is the strongest evidence yet for the theory of endosymbiosis. D)This finding indicates that there is a second evolutionary lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. E) This finding is an example of the phenomenon known as "serial endosymbiosis."
D
59) Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria with their zoochlorellae? 59) A) predatory B) photosynthetic C) parasitic D) mutualistic (each species benefits from the other)
D
60) The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by 60) A) contractile vacuoles. B) pseudopods. C) a single flagellum composed of the protein flagellin. D) many cilia.
D
64) When diatoms die, their shells fall to the floor of the ocean or lake that they inhabit and form sediments called diatomaceous earth (DE). Diatoms can be identified by their shells. Different species of diatoms prefer different water temperatures. What information can be gained if scientists take samples of long-existing DE and identify the diatom species that created it? 64) A) Scientists can predict future trends in greenhouse gas emissions. B) Scientists can better understand how wind currents affect water temperature. C) Scientists can decipher evolutionary lineages between diatom species. D) Scientists can learn about past climates.
D
66) The oldest fossil eukaryote that can be resolved taxonomically is of 66) A) a fungus that lived 2 billion years ago. B) an Ediacaran that lived 550 million years ago. C) a red alga that lived 635 million years ago. D) a red alga that lived 1.2 billion years ago.
D
70) Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? 70) A) apicomplexansNparasites with intricate life cycles B) diplomonadsNprotists with modified mitochondria C) diatomsNimportant producers in aquatic communities D) red algaeNacquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
D
9) In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a 9) A) colonial photosynthetic prokaryote. B) multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote. C) colonial eukaryotic fungus. D) colonial photosynthetic eukaryote. E) fungal photosynthetic eukaryote.
D
When red and blue light are shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals thousands of cilia on the surface of the organism. 43) Test tube 3 contains 43) A) Paramecium. B) Navicula (diatom). C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). D) Plasmodium.
D
33) You discover a new species of aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 m deep). It can also crawl about and engulf small particles. Which two characteristics does your protist have to have in order to successfully complete these tasks? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga 33) A) 4 and 5 B) 2 and 4 C) 1 and 2 D) 2 and 3 E) 3 and 4
E
47) During passage through the large intestine, a trophozoite will often secrete a case around itself, forming a cyst. Cysts contain four haploid nuclei. When cysts "hatch" within a new host, two trophozoites are released. Thus, which of the following must happen within the cyst prior to hatching? 1. meiosis 2. nuclear division 3. S phase 4. binary fission 47) A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4
E
57) A crucial photosynthetic gene of the cyanobacterium that gave rise to the cyanelle is called psaE. This gene is present in the nuclear genome of the cercozoan, but is not in the genome of the cyanelle. This is evidence of 57) A) transduction by a phage that infects both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B) reciprocal mutations in the cyanelle and nuclear genomes. C) genetic recombination involving a protist and an archaean. D) the origin of photosynthesis in protists. E) horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes.
E
63) Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria? 63) A) photoheterotroph B) chemoautotroph C) photoautotroph D) chemoheterotroph E) mixotroph
E
