Chapter 25 Random

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid?

the phosphate buffer system

Antidiuretic hormone does not

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride.

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)

ICF, urine

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.

3.5-5.0

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

60

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35-7.45

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis.

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

When is your body in acid-base balance? (Module 25.6A)

when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

ADH

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B)

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance?

All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst? (Module 25.4A)

decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst

What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A)

Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.

How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate? (Module 25.10B)

Respiratory rate would increase.

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A)

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

Define mineral balance. (Module 25.3A)

Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to chloride.

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B)

Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. (Module 25.8C)

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs.

What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B)

The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

aldosterone

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone.

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists

alkalosis

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion

buffer system

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)

carbonic acid

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

copper

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response

decrease of ADH release.

Increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere

fixed

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

If the kidneys are conserving HCO3 - and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis? (Module 25.9C)

metabolic acidosis

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except

overuse of diuretics.

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C)

proteins

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

raise (increase)

Intracellular fluid is found only within

the cells of the body

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

vital

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

volatile

Metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic processes.