CHAPTER 25 TEST REVIEW
Sykes-Picot Agreement
An agreement between the british and the french. France gets Syria and Lebanon, and Britain gets Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan.
Reason for Austria-Hungary declaration of war
Assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne. Archduke Frans Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914. That incident and the official declaration of war began WWI.
Germany's auxiliary service law
Auxiliary service law was passed in 1916 by the reichstag and required that all males between the ages of 17 and 60 work only at jobs considered critical to war efforts.
Reason for GB entry into WW1
Belgium's ports were close to Britain coastline and German control of Belgium would have been seen as a serious threat to Britain. In the end Britain refused to ignore the events when Germany attacked France through Belgium. Within hours Britain declared war on Germany.
Balfour Declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI
Following the first world war, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by the government?
Caring for victims and veterans. There was never enough money to fund pension and job training programs. Many disabled veterans were left to beg on the streets. Governments couldn't keep up with all the benefits for widows, orphans, and veterans. With the onset of the great depression, benefits were cut, leaving bitter veterans vulnerable to Nazi propagandist.
Bismark's alliance system
Designed to isolate France and maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
Schelieffen Plan
Germany's plan to win a two-front-war by going through Belgium that failed
Rasputin's influence, rise, and fall
He gained influence over the Romanov's family and Russian political affairs after he seem to ease the symptoms of tsar's hemophiliac son, Alexi Romanov.
How did Lenin respond to the peasant seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?
He gave them what they wanted. Since summer, a peasant revolution had swept across Russia, as impoverished peasant seized the estates of landlords and the church for themselves. And then in mandated reform, he merely approved with the peasants were already doing.
How did Paul von Hindenburg and Eric Ludendorff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918?
Hindenburg and Ludendorff realized Germany lost the war and not wanting to shoulder the blame, insisted that moderate politicians should take the responsibility for the defeat.
Western Front
In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.
Reason for Italy switching sides
Italy signed the treaty of London, committing itself to enter World War I on the side of the allies on April 26, 1915.
Walter Rathenau
Jewish industrialist that sets up Germany's War Raw Materials Board, rations and distributes raw materials, produced substitutes essential to blockaded German war machine
What was the outcome of Western front offensives?
Most trench warfare occurred on the Western front in Belgium and northern France. The soldiers who participated in this type of war became exhausted and found it difficult to comprehend or describe the bloody realities. They were also generally depressingly similar slaughters of massed infantry units.
Why did Germans use subs knowing that it would involve US?
The German military command hoped that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the US could come to its rescue.
Lenin's differences from Marx
The Mensheviks wanted a more democratic, reformers party with mass membership. Lenin's Bolsheviks view was for a highly disciplined workers party strictly controlled by a small, dedicated elite of intellectuals and professional revolutionaries who would be dedicated to communist revolution.
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg" of Europe?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.
What were the two front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the first world war?
The Russian general staff assumed a two front war with both Austria and Germany. The German general staff assumed a two front war with France and Russia.
How did the Western powers react to the declaration of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly after World War I?
The Western reaction was swift and decisive. A French army stationed in Lebanon attacked Syria, taking Damascus in 1920. The Arab government fled and the French took over. Meanwhile, the British bloodily put down an uprising in Iraq and establish control there. Brushing aside Arab opposition, the British formally incorporated a Jewish national home in Palestine.
What was the primary political weakness of the white forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
The White armies had a poorly defined political program; it was a mishmash of liberal republicanism and monarchism incapable of uniting the Bolshevik's enemies. The Red Army, on the other hand, had decisive leadership under Trotsky.
What was the result of Allied support of the white army is in the Russian Civil War?
The intervention of the allies in support of the white armies did not aid the whites effectively and allowed the Bolsheviks to appeal to the patriotic nationalism of ethnic Russians who objected to foreign involvement in Russian affairs.
What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?
The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina.
Bolsheviks v. Mensheviks
The two main branches of Russian socialism from 1903 until the consolidation of the Bolshevik dictatorship under Lenin in the civil war of 1918-20.
Women in WWI at Home
Took up jobs of males: Railroad, docks, factories, built ships and airplanes Nurses- help injured "Hello Girls"- worked at keeping communication open by serving as switchboard operators in France
Wilhelm's Alliance changes
Wilhelm II refused to renew a nonaggression pact with Russia even though Russia was willing to do so. This move prompted France to court Russia, offering loans, arms, and support. The result to rival blocs of continental Europe, the triple alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy and the dual alliance of Russia and France.
14 points
Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.
War Guilt Clause
in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
Armenian Genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields," as shown in Primary Source 25.2, states that the dead want
the living to fight those who killed them
First Battle of the Marne
20 miles outside Paris the French halted the German advance and the beginning of the Western Front and trench warfare
Allies and central powers
Allies- France, Britain and Russia. Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and other Middle Eastern Lands.
Alexander Kerensky
An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.
France's Petain's leadership style/promises
He was able to restore order within French forces through tough military justice and an agreement that there would be no more great offenses.
Eastern Front
In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Why did Lenin sign the treaty of Brest-Litovsk With Germany in March 1918?
Lenin accomplished getting Russia out of the Great War so that he could now focus on implementing his revolution.
Petrograd Soviet army order No. 1
Stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers. The order, which was intended to protect the revolution from resistance by aristocratic officer corps lead to collapse of army discipline.
Russia's February and October Revolution 1917
The February revolution was the result of an unplanned uprising of hungry, angry people in the capital, that was eagerly accepted throughout the country. These unplanned uprisings were accompanied by violent street demonstrations that begun in March 1971 in Petrograd, Russia that led to the abdication of the tsar and establishment of a provisional government. The October Revolution was led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government.
Paris Peace Conference
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
What ultimately happened to Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire is ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The red army reconquered Belarus and Ukraine, both of which had briefly gained independence.
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising.
How did most socialists in western and central Europe choose to participate in government?
Wanted social reform and attacked private property to end capitalist exploitation of workers.
First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
where Germans chose to oppose French designs on Morocco in order to humiliate them and drive a wedge between the two new allies. It only suceeded in unifying Britain, France, Russia and the United States against Germany.
Main causes of World War I
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Why did Germans accept the terms and conditions of the treaty of Versailles
The new German government vigorously protested the treaty but to no avail.
