Chapter 25 The Cardiovascular System

Which of the following factors influence the cardiac cycle?

-An increase in body temperature usually increases heart rate. -Low levels of potassium decrease the heart rate, while high potassium levels cause dysrhythmias. -Low levels of calcium depress the action of the heart, and high levels of calcium cause tetanic contractions.

Which of the following are characteristics of aortic and mitral valve stenosis?

-Common signs and symptoms include SOB, angina, palpitations, dizziness, weakness, and fatigue. -Mild cases may not need treatment, and cases caused by rheumatic fever may be treated with antibiotics. -the valves do not fully open so blood flow from the heart decreases, and pressure inside the left ventricle increases

Which of the following are characteristics of a myocardial infarction?

-Contributing factors are a blockage of the coronary arteries and the use of illegal drugs, especially cocaine. -CPR may be required, depending on the severity of the MI and the extent of cardiac damage. -Preventive measures include the control of HTN, smoking cessation, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. -Treatment includes chewing an aspirin at the onset of symptoms. -Also known as a heart attack -Recurring chest pain; pain in the shoulder, arm, back, teeth, or jaw; SOB; diaphoresis; syncope; nausea; and vomiting are common signs and symptoms.

Which of the following are preventive measures for reducing the risk of arrhythmias?

-Do not use or misuse prescription or illegal drugs. -Reduce the intake of alcohol and caffeine. -Stop smoking.

Which of the following are characteristics of the cardiac cycle?

-Exercise influences the cardiac cycle. -It involves 1 complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. -When the atria contract, the ventricles relax.

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of hypertension?

-Fatigue and dizziness -Muscle cramps -Irregular heart rate

Which of the following may be causes of aneurysms?

-Hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis -Most causes are unknown. -Congenital conditions that contribute to weak aortic walls

Which of the following are classified as organs or functions within the cardiovascular system?

-Heart -Arteries -Capillaries -Vessels

Which of the following best describes an aneurysm?

-Individuals are usually asymptomatic; however, hypertension may be present. -Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for developing aneurysms. -Acute abdominal or back pain, dizziness, tachycardia, and loss of consciousness are signs of a ruptured aneurysm. -It is a ballooning or weakening of the arterial wall.

Which of the following are characteristics of endocarditis?

-Inflammation occurs in the innermost lining of the heart, including the heart valves. -Susceptibility increases for individuals with abnormally functioning heart valves. -Bacterial infections are the most common cause. -Intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics is the usual treatment.

Which of the following are characteristics of the heart?

-It is cone-shaped and about the size of a loose fist. -The diaphragm is located inferior to it. -It is bordered bilaterally by the lungs.

Which of the following are characteristics of hypertension?

-It may be of unknown etiology. -African Americans are at higher risk than Caucasians for developing hypertension. -Its causes include various medications, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Which of the following are key to treating hypertension?

-Low-sodium diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation -Control of the underlying cause, if known -Patient compliance with the plan of care

Which of the following are characteristics of the pulmonary circuit?

-it is also known as pulmonary circulation. -Its purpose is to circulate oxygenated blood and allow CO2 to leave the blood and enter the lungs. -It is defined as the route the blood takes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again.

Preventing the development of aneurysms can be accomplished by

-losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight, thereby reducing the risks. -starting a regular exercise regimen. -quitting smoking.

Substances are able to move through capillary walls through

-osmosis. -diffusion. -filtration

What is an arrhythmia?

Abnormal heart rhythm in which an individual experiences tachycardia, bradycardia, or erratic beats

Which condition is a ballooning or weakening in an arterial wall?

Aneurysm

What is the largest artery of the body?

Aorta

Coronary arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, ending, where?

Capillaries

Which part of the circulation supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart?

Coronary

Which heart layer contains part of the cardiac electrical conduction system?

Endocardium

What are the largest veins in the body?

Inferior and superior venae cavae

The most common signs and symptoms of arrhythmias are

SOB, dizziness/syncope, tachycardia or bradycardia, and chest pain.

Which of the statements is true? ______ stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, whereas ______ stenosis affects the mitral valve.

aortic; mitral

Consisting of smooth muscle, ______ are the strongest of the blood vessels.

arteries

Coronary artery disease is also known as

atherosclerosis.

The ______ involves 1 heartbeat or 1 cardiac contraction and 1 complete cardiac relaxation.

cardiac cycle

The ______ system is responsible for sending blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen-rich blood.

cardiovascular

The cardiovascular system plays an active role in ______ waste products to certain organ systems so the waste can be removed from the blood.

circulating

The systemic circuit is also known as the systemic

circulation.

Capillaries serve as the ______ for arterioles and venules.

connector

Coronary angioplasty is an option for CAD, but severe cases may require a CABG, which is

coronary artery bypass grafting.

CAD is the acronym for

coronary artery disease.

The function of the epicardium is to

cushion the heart.

The cardiac conduction system includes a group of structures that send _____ through the heart.

electrical impulses

A(n) ______ is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the cardiac conduction system.

electrocardiogram

Varicose veins are twisted, dilated veins commonly seen in the legs and often caused by prolonged sitting or standing. The medical term for varicose veins that occur in the rectum is

hemorrhoids.

The proper order of the systemic circuit through the heart is

left atrium>bicuspid valve>left ventricle>aortic semilunar valve>aorta>arteries>arterioles>capillaries>venules>veins>venae cavae>right atrium.

During the cardiac cycle, blood is pushed into the aorta when the ______.

left ventricle contracts

During the cardiac cycle, the 2 heart sounds are called

lubb and dubb.

An abnormal heart sound caused by the leakage of blood from the ventricles into the atria is a(n)

murmur.

The ______ consists of an outer, fibrous layer that covers the 2 inner layers.

pericardium

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

reduce friction between the membranes when the heart contracts.

The function of the pulmonary circuit is to

remove waste gases from the blood and replace with oxygen.

The pericardium is the ______ the heart.

structure around

Which of the following is correct: ______ pressure represents the contraction of the ventricles, and ____ pressure represents the relaxation of the ventricles.

systolic; diastolic

Within the heart chambers are valves called the

tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valves.

Heart sounds are generated by the ______ as they shut.

valves

Varicose veins are

veins in the legs that are dilated and twisted.

Which of the following are characteristics of arteries?

-Most arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, with the exception of the pulmonary arteries, which carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. -Arteries are elastic and can constrict or dilate, which has a direct effect on blood pressure. -The coronary arteries provide blood to the heart muscle. -The aorta, the largest artery in the body, comes directly off the left ventricle.

Which of the following are characteristics of coronary artery disease?

-Narrowing of coronary arteries -Signs and symptoms that often go unnoticed until a heart attack occurs -Common signs and symptoms of chest pain, SOB, fatigue, and edema of the legs and feet -Commonly, treatment with lipid-lowering agents

What is pulmonary circulation?

-Oxygen-rich blood and blood low in CO2 returning to the heart through the 4 pulmonary veins -Process of carrying oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system?

-Oxygenating tissue -Transporting cellular waste products to the lungs for removal

Which of the following are treatment modalities for arrhythmias?

-Pacemaker -Surgery to correct heart defects -Implantable cardioverter defibrillator -Beta blockers and antiarrhythmics

Which of the following are characteristics of heart murmurs?

-Severe symptoms include weakness, pallor, and edema. -Do not always indicate a cardiac disorder -Signs and symptoms vary depending on etiology and severity of murmur -They are abnormal heart sounds graded from 1 to 6, with 1 being barely audible. -Treatment varies from none required to surgery, depending on the severity.

Which of the following are characteristics of varicose veins?

-Signs include discolorations around the ankles. -Sclerotherapy is a possible treatments -They are caused by standing or sitting for long periods, damage to valves in the veins, obesity, and pregnancy.

What are capillaries?

-Smallest of the blood vessels -Branches of arterioles; the smallest of the blood vessels

Which of the following may be causes of arrhythmias?

-Smoking -Use of certain prescription, OTC medications, herbs, and illegal drugs -Genetic or congenital disorders and diseases -High blood pressure

Which of the following are characteristics of mitral valve prolapse?

-The etiology is unknown. -Blood flow can back up into the atrium. -Individuals may be asymptomatic but in more severe cases palpitations, SOB, and chest pain may occur.

Which of the following are true of congestive heart failure?

-The heart weakens over time and eventually is unable to pump a sufficient blood supply. -Signs include constant wheezing. -Its causes include obesity, smoking, a high-cholesterol diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and excessive alcohol use. -Treatment includes antiarrhythmic.

Which of the following are true of the layers of the pericardium?

-The parietal pericardium is the layer on top of the visceral pericardium. -The pericardial cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardium.

Which of the following are characteristics of pericarditis?

-The signs and symptoms include sharp, stabbing chest pain; fever; fatigue; and dyspnea upon lying down. -Antibiotics are only indicated if the causative agent is bacterial, and chronic cases may require surgery. -It is defined as inflammation of the membranes around the heart. -It is most commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections.

Which of the following are characteristics of veins or venules?

-The valves within the veins prevent blood from flowing backward. -The inferior and superior venae cavae are the largest veins in the body. -Blood is moved through the veins through skeletal muscle contractions and valves. -Blood in the veins are not under pressure; therefore, skeletal muscles are important to venous circulation.

Which of the following are characteristics of the systemic circulation?

-This system originates with blood leaving the left atrium. -The blood picks up CO2 and waste products from the body's cells. -Oxygenated blood leaves the heart to deliver O2 and nutrients to the body. -It is the route that takes blood from the heart through the body and back to the heart.

Which of the following are characteristics of capillaries?

-Tissues with high oxygen demands have a large number of capillaries. -They are the smallest of the blood vessels. -They are a network of merging arterioles and venules. -They connect arterioles to venules and have very thin, permeable walls. -Blood is under pressure as it enters capillaries, and water is forced through capillary walls via filtration.

Which of the following are characteristics of thrombophlebitis?

-Treatment modalities include anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory medications. -The most common signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, redness, and swelling in the affected area. -Its causes and risk factors include prolonged inactivity, postmenopausal age, oral contraceptive use, and certain types of cancer. -Inflammation and a blood clot develop in the vein usually in the leg veins

Which of the following are characteristics of myocarditis?

-Treatment modalities include bed rest, low-sodium diets, and steroids. -Its most common cause is a viral infection, but it can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals, allergens, and bacteria. -Signs and symptoms include a febrile state, chest pain, dyspnea, oliguria, fatigue, and syncope. -Serious cases can cause weakening of the heart wall.

Which of the following are valves within the heart?

-Tricuspid -Bicuspid -Pulmonary semilunar -Aortic semilunar

Which of the following most commonly affect blood pressure?

-Viscosity -Output -Volume

1. Murmur 2. Mitral valve prolapse 3. Myocardial Infarction

1. Abnormal heart sound 2. Condition in which the mitral valve falls into the left atrium during systole 3. Also known as a heart attack; characterized by damage to cardiac muscle because of a lack of blood supply

1. Endocarditis 2. Myocarditis 3. Pericarditis 4. Congestive heart failure

1. Inflammation of the innermost layer of the heart, including the heart valves 2. Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart, causing weakness of the heart wall 3. Inflammation of the group of membranes around the heart 4. Weakening of the heart over time such that the heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body's demands

1. Atrioventricular node 2. Myocardium 3. Bundle of His 4. Pericardium 5. Pulmonary circulation 6. Vasodilation

1. Node located between the atria of the heart; after the electrical impulse reaches it, the atria contract and the impulse is sent to the ventricles 2. Middle of the thickest layer of the heart; it is made primarily of cardiac muscle 3. Also known as the AV bundle, the node located between the ventricles of the heart; it carries the electrical impulse from the AV node of the bundle branches 4. Membrane that covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to it 5. Route that blood takes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again 6. Widening of the muscular wall of an artery to decrease blood pressure

1. Embolus 2. Systolic pressure 3. Endocardium 4. Vasoconstriction

1. Portion of a thrombus that breaks off and moves through the bloodstream 2. Blood pressure measured when the left ventricle of the heart contracts 3. Innermost layer of the heart 4. Constriction of the muscular wall of the artery to increase blood pressure

1. Cardiac output 2. Systolic Pressure 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Blood Volume 5. Baroreceptor 6. Vasodilation 7. Diastolic pressure

1. Total amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute 2. Arterial blood pressure that is the highest when the ventricles contract 3. Tightening of blood vessel walls, which helps raise blood pressure 4. Amount of blood in the body 5. Structure located in the aorta and carotid arteries; used to help regulate blood pressure 6. Widening or relaxation of blood vessels to help decrease blood pressure 7. Blood pressure on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles relax

1. Atria 2. Transcupid Valve 3. Interatrial Septum 4. Aortic semilunar valve 5. Atrioventricular septum 6. Pulmonary semilunar valve 7. Bicuspid valve

1. Upper chambers of the heart 2. Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts 3. Separates the atria from each other 4. Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle 5. Wall that separates the atria from the ventricles 6. Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle 7. Prevents the backflow of blood into the left atrium from the left ventricle

For a diagnosis of hypertension, the patient must have a consistent resting blood pressure with the parameters of ______ or higher.

140/90

The heart consists of

2 atria and 2 ventricles.

What is the function of the atria of the heart?

Receive blood returning to the heart from the lungs and body

Which of the following is the correct order of blood flow in the pulmonary circuit?

Right atrium>tricuspid valve>right ventricle>pulmonary semilunar valve>pulmonary trunk>pulmonary arteries>lungs>pulmonary veins> left atrium

Thrombophlebitis is

a condition in which a blood clot and inflammation develop in a vein.

Which of the following are small blood vessels that are formed when capillaries merge together?

Venules