Chapter 25/26 Quiz study information

Why does there seem to be a connection between the rise of regional kingdoms and trade in Africa? A) Trade made people greedy and the state needed to be present to enforce law and order B) Controlling trade required a government bureaucracy to keep track of taxation C) By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings D) Merchant families appointed a king so that outside traders would know whom to contact to initiate trade

By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings

All of the following were aspects of the Songhay empire that mirrored religious practices previously followed in the empires of Ghana and Mali EXCEPT... A) schools were maintained where boys learned the Quran B) an Islamic university located in Timbuktu was funded by the state C) the emperors were all Muslims and financially supported mosques D) acceptance of Islam damaged trade connections with north African merchants and rulers

acceptance of Islam damaged trade connections with north African merchants and rulers

All of the following are true of both the Song dynasty (960-1279) and the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) EXCEPT... A) both dynasties were subject to continuing pressure from steppe peoples seeking to conquer Chinese lands, but managed to fight off attempts by these peoples to seize China B) both dynasties had to fight off pirate incursions along the China Sea coastline C) both dynasties made use of gunpowder weaponry D) both dynasties made extensive use of bureaucracies to manage governmental functions with varying degrees of success

both dynasties were subject to continuing pressure from steppe peoples seeking to conquer Chinese lands, but managed to fight off attempts by these peoples to seize China

A historian researching challenges that led the emperor Yongle to relocate the Ming capital from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north would most likely use which of the following sources? A) census data recording the population of China ca. 1420 B) autobiographies of foreign merchants in residence in Nanjing and Beijing at that time C) diplomatic correspondence between the Ming court and the leaders of the Mongols and other steppe peoples D) letters sent by Roman Catholic missionaries to the church hierarchy in Rome regarding their activities

diplomatic correspondence between the Ming court and the leaders of the Mongols and other steppe peoples

Historians often consider the African diaspora that occurred between ca. 1500 and ca. 1800 a turning point in the history of the world. All of the following are true of this time period EXCEPT... A) cultivation of cash crops by enslaved Africans provided agricultural surpluses that helped accelerate specialization of trade along global networks of communication and exchange B) enslaved Africans in the Americas retained few elements of African cultural and social mores C) by the time most European and American states had ended the slave trade, the seeds of emancipation were already planted in many parts of the Americas D) slaves developed syncretized and vibrant mix of African, European, and American cultural, social, musical, and religious traditions

enslaved Africans in the Americas retained few elements of African cultural and social mores

The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750... A) internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states B) states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life C) monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites D) states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming

internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states

The movement of the capital, the building of the Great Wall, and the conscious reviving of older Chinese cultural traditions were undertaken by the Ming in order to... A) strengthen the bond between northern and southern China B) keep the northern nomads from invading China C) strengthen their dynastic hold on China D) help revive Chinese traditions after the long Mongol rule

keep the northern nomads from invading China

All of the following are true of the decline of the Swahili trading-states beginning ca. 1500 EXCEPT... A) Portugal established mainland settlements at Mozambique and Malindi in efforts to divert trade deep within the continent away from the Swahili city-states and to these Portuguese trading posts B) Portuguese military pressure forced the Swahili city-states into tributary status relationships with the Portuguese kingdom C) large-scale Portuguese migration resulted in the Swahili being driven out of all of their cities and forced to migrate to the Persian Gulf D) Portuguese penetration of the Indian Ocean basin brought commercial competition to the Swahili merchants' trans-shipping goods and people around the region

large-scale Portuguese migration resulted int he Swahili being driven out of all of their cities and forced to migrate to the Persian Gulf

Of the following, which group was the Qianlong emperor most interested in reaching with this passage? A) the English king and his advisors B) Japanese pirates C) Christian missionaries resident in China D) opium producers in India

the English king and his advisors

A historian examining the 25 year period between 1620 and 1645 could BEST utilize the sources listed in the timeline to analyze which of the following? A) problems that were caused exclusively by the Manchus, who in turn were overthrown by the later Ming B) collaboration between the later Ming and Qing dynasties C) the decline and fall of the later Ming and the rise of the Qing dynasties D) Manchu efforts to prevent their language and culture being lost when they engaged with China

the decline and fall of the later Ming and the rise of the Qing dynasties

In the passage above, Olaudah Equiano's main purpose is to point out that... A) he was surprised that members of the crew beat him after he refused to eat the food that was provided B) the smalls and sounds of the slave ship were upsetting to him C) he was convinced that the crew of the slave ship was going to kill him D) the overall conditions on the slave ship were dehumanizing and designed to break the spirit of the newly captured slaves

the overall conditions on the slave ship were dehumanizing and designed to break the spirit of the newly captured slaves

Each of the following were examples of continuing pressure on the Ming dynasty in the period ca. 1630-1644 EXCEPT... A) Manchu expansion in the north pushed the Ming south of the Great Wall in some areas and out of lands they had controlled in southern Manchuria and eastern Siberia B) persistent incursions by both Chinese and Japanese pirate fleets resulted in increased smuggling which resulted in declining tax receipts while defense costs on land and at sea were rising C) court intrigues, in which eunuch servants and administrators isolated emperors from making administrative decisions fostered increased court corruption and ineffectiveness D) Christian Chinese rose in rebellion, allying themselves with Manchu leaders seeking to overthrow the Mind dynasty

Christian Chinese rose in rebellion, allying themselves with Manchu leaders seeking to overthrow the Ming dynasty

All of the following are true concerning the establishment of the bakufu in Japan in 1600 by the military leader Tokugawa leyasu EXCEPT... A) the four-hundred-year period of rule by a series of shoguns-military governors who theoretically exercised power in the emperor's name but actually controlled the central government-led to divisions between the shoguns and their retainers B)sixteenth century Japanese political life was so chaotic that the century was referred to as the era of sengoku-"the country at war" C) Christian missionary efforts had been so successful that the imperial dynasty was able to reassert its authority and reunite the country under direct imperial control D) the lack of imperial authority resulted in strains between the imperial court and the powerful shoguns that resisted attempts of emperors to regain their authority and to actually rule the country

Christian missionary efforts had been so successful that the imperial dynasty was able to reassert its authority and reunite the country under direct imperial control

Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage? A) The current political and economic makeup of European colonies int he Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term B) Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean C) Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits D) It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain

Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits

Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that population pressures were becoming a concern in the Qing empire ca. 1750? A) Epidemic disease continued to cause significant population fluctuations in China between ca. 1500 and ca. 1750 B) Civil war and rebellion caused a dip in population between ca. 1600 and ca. 1650 C) Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand D) The population in ca. 1500 was far smaller than one would have predicted given populations elsewhere in the world

Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand

The first trading post was built in south Africa by the... A) Spanish B) French C) Dutch D) Portuguese

Dutch

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes? A) The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation B) Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia C) The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe D) The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies

Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia

The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans? A) Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority B) Evidence from population genetics C) Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs D) Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue

Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs

In the excerpt, the explorer Mungo Park's main purpose is to point out that... A) It was dangerous for individual Europeans to travel in Africa B) his attempts to find a place to stay were always rejected C) African women liked to sing when they worked D) compassion for travelers could be found in Africa

compassion for travelers could be found in Africa

Which of the following BEST explains the rapid growth in sub-Saharan population between ca. 1500 and ca. 1800? A) outbreaks of epidemic diseases brought from the Americas B) introduction of peanuts and maize from the Americas to add to diversity of African food source C) cultivation of manioc root in western and central Africa that was used for flour, allowing for exploitation of poorer soils D) large-scale coerced migration to the Americas

cultivation of manioc root in western and central Africa that was used for flour, allowing for exploitation of poorer soils

A historian would most likely interpret the rhetoric in the passage as evidence that rulers of imperial states in the period circa 1450-1750 continued to... A) use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies B) prefer to resolve interstate conflicts through warfare rather than through diplomatic means C) patronize religious establishments and preside over religious ceremonies D) seek to unite forces to prevent the spread of secular ideas

use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century? A) Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean B) Improvements in Europeans' ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases C) Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation D) The development of theories of natural rights and representative government

Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean

As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750? A) Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states B) Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power C) Religious differences stopped being a significant factor int he weakening and fragmentation of imperial states D) Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule

Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule

All of the following factors contributed to the collapse of the kingdom of Kongo by ca. 1650 EXCEPT... A) despite conversion of the ruling family and many of the people of Kongo to Roman Catholicism, Portuguese colonists to the south of Kongo attacked the kingdom and decapitated the ruling king B) Muslim adventures from Songhay invaded the kingdom of Kongo and forced conversion of the kingdom's population to Islam and rerouted trade in ivory, gold, and slave to trans-Saharan routes C) Portuguese merchants began to use the kingdom of Kongo as a base for inland slaving expeditions, often in league with local rulers who resisted the Kongo's kings' attempts to control slave trading D) Portuguese merchants and administrators brought artisans, advisors, clerics, weapons, and textiles to Kongo, but demanded copper, ivory, and, especially, slaves in return

Muslim adventures from Songhay invaded the kingdom of Kongo and forced conversion of the kingdom's population to Islam and rerouted trade in ivory, gold, and slave to trans-Saharan routes

The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s? A) Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa B) State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories C) The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states D) Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest

Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa

China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to the... A) Qing expulsion of intellectuals as part of a governmental crackdown B) Europeans' refusal to share their advanced technology with the Chinese C) collapse of the civil service examination system D) Qing preference for political and social stability over technological innovation

Qing preference for political and social stability over technological innovation

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics int eh period circa 1650-1750? A) The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire B) Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe C) Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia D) The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors

Russian had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe

Which of the following developments in the period ca. 1500-ca. 1750 in the African slave trade BEST explains changes in gender ratios in western African populations? A) Women were more in demand for forced migration to the Americas, as they knew how to perform agricultural work B) Roughly equal numbers of men and women were enslaved and transported to the Americas to work on plantations C) So many men were enslaved and shipped to the Americas that women outnumbered men by two to one in some societies, resulting in an expansion of polygamy D) Men of all ages were highly sought after by slavers, while relatively few women were enslaved for either export or for use as slaves in domestic markets

So many men were enslaved and shipped to the Americas that women outnumbered men by two to one in some societies, resulting in an expansion of polygamy

The invasion of the Songhay empire in 1591 by an army from Morocco resulted in all of the following, EXCEPT... A) Moroccan use of firearms allowed them to defeat the Songhay's previously undefeated army that did not have access to firearms B) Songhay armies defeated the Moroccans, and the forces of Songhay then invaded and conquered Morocco and placed it in tributary status to the Songhay empire C)coastal peoples previously in tributary status to the Songhay empire were able to broaden their trade connections with European trading posts D) the Songhay empire's subject peoples broke free from imperial control and established a series of small, independent states

Songhay armies defeated the Moroccans, and the forces of Songhay then invaded and conquered Morocco and placed it in tributary status to the Songhay empire

The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450-1750? A) States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration B) Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy C) States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites D) Local elites began to command their own military forces

States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites

The listed events BEST describe which of the following? A) Ghana's takeover of earlier kingdoms B) Sunni Ali's consolidation of the kingdom of Songhay C) Mansa Musa's government reforms before leaving on pilgrimage D) Portuguese incursions in Kongo

Sunni Ali's consolidation of the kingdom of Songhay

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table? A) The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy B) The creation of larger state bureaucracies C) The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation D) The emergence of banking systems

The creation of larger state bureaucracies

The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A) The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court B) The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire C) The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East D) The decline of importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army

The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage? A) The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains B) The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt C) The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle D) The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators

The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt

The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450-1750? A) The transmission of new weapons along trade networks B) The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states C) The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires D) The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons

The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states

Which of the following was NOT an action of the Manchus after conquering China? A) They did not allow the Chinese to travel to Manchuria B) They forced Chinese men to grow a queue as a sign of submission C) They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus D) They forbade Chinese from learning the Manchurian language

They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus

A historian researching Tokugawa urban culture (1600-1867) would most likely use which of the following sources? A) letters from bureaucrats to daimyo, reminding them of their obligation to reside every other year in Edo (modern Tokyo), the Tokugawa capital B) biographies of authors of Tokugawa prose fiction, the ukiyo, or books of the "floating world" C) diplomatic correspondence between the courts of the Tokugawa shogun and the Qing emperor D) census data detailing the rapid population growth of Japanese cities during this period

biographies of authors of Tokugawa prose fiction, the ukiyo, or books of the "floating world"

The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450-1750? A) As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue B) As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries C) As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue D) As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources

As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue

The type of weaponry usage in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450-1750 EXCEPT the... A) Aztec (Mexica) Empire B) Safavid Empire C) Mughal Empire D)Qing dynasty

Aztec (Mexica) Empire

Which of the following is true regarding the greatest extent of the territorial holdings of the Ming empire 1368-1644, as compared to the Qing empire 1644-1211? A) Both empires had a protectorate over all of Tibet B) Both empires ruled all of Mongolia C) Both empires governed all of southern and central China D) Both empires controlled all of Manchuria

Both empires governed all of southern and central China

Of the following, which group was the Virginia legislature most interested in reaching with this passage? A) Virginia slave owners B) British investors in joint stock companies C) abolitionists in New England D) residents of British colonies in the Caribbean

Virginia slave owners

According to Confucian tradition, the most honorable class was... A) peasants B) merchants C) soldiers D) artisans

peasants

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500? A) The Columbian Exchange B) The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C) Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods D) Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive in tropical climates

Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods

Which of the following BEST characterizes a central element in the Atlantic triangular trade ca. 1500-1800? A) Africa provided slaves, the Americas provided rum and agricultural products, and Europe provided manufactured goods B) Europe supplied slaves, Africa supplied agricultural products, and the Americas provided manufactured goods C) The Americas provided slaves, Africa produced rum, and Europe supplied manufactured goods and furs D) Europe supplied rum and agricultural products, the Americas provided furs and grain, and Africa provided slaves and horses

Africa provided slaves, the Americas provided rum and agricultural products, and Europe provided manufactured goods

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument int he second paragraph? A) Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms B) Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450-1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did C) The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe D) Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms

The social organization of later Ming and Qing China-the emperor and his family as the most high status group, followed by scholar-bureaucrats and gentry, and, in descending order of status, peasants, artisans or workers, merchants and entrepreneurs, the military, and the so-called mean people-entertainers, prostitutes, minorities, slaves, and indentured servants-BEST represents the influence of the religious or philosophical tenets of... A) Shamanism B) Islam C) Buddhism D) Confucianism

Confucianism

African traditions made an impression on American cultural traditions in all of the following ways EXCEPT... A) drums, choral responses, although frowned upon, continued well into the nineteenth century and became the root of soul, jazz, and gospel music in the twentieth century B) Creole was widely spoken in many parts of the Americas and combined a standard set of African and European words C) foods such as gumbo and okra and rice became popular dishes in the southern United States D) African saints and rituals infused themselves into Christian practices, creating true syncretic religions

Creole was widely spoken in many parts of the Americas and combined a standard set of African and European words

Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph? A) The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands' natural environment B) Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy C) Slave political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies D) Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean

Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy

Japan changed culturally between 1600 and 1700 in all of the following ways EXCEPT... A) Christianity became very popular among daimyos and merchants B) Korean literature became popular with the growing Japanese merchant class C) a new emphasis on Chinese learning and traditions with neo-Confucianism D) native learning which emphasized Japanese culture over the influence of outsiders

Korean literature became popular with the growing Japanese merchant class

The growth of Chinese exports of tea, lacquerware, silk, and porcelain during the early years of the Qing dynasty ca. 1650 to markets in central Asia, Europe, and the states of the Indian Ocean basin resulted in which of the following changes in the experiences of most Chinese people? A) Chinese population pressures and declining agricultural production forced the Qing to import large amounts of food and to pay for the food imports by exporting large amounts of gold bullion B) European industrial technology was introduced to China, and soon Chinese manufacturing eclipsed the production of European states C) Demand for Chinese products like tea, lacquerware, silk, and porcelain was in decline as coffee, copper utensils, woolens, and stone crockery were in greater demand in most world markets D) The Chinese chose to import relatively few items-those included spices, tropical birds, and exotic animal skins-and silver bullion was used by various customers to pay for desired Chinese products

The Chinese chose to import relatively few items-those included spices, tropical birds, and exotic animal skins-and silver bullion was used by various customers to pay for desired Chinese products

Which of the following aspects of the international situation in early sixteenth-century southwest Asia is most relevant to understanding Sultan Selim's letter? A) The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East B) Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires developed extensive trade connections with European states and states int he Indian Ocean region C) Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires made use of gunpowder weapons in the course of their territorial expansion D) The Ottoman and Safavid empires brought a high degree of centralization to parts of southwest Asia that had been politically fragmented before

The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage? A) The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders B) The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service C) The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials D) The Ottoman sultans' continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community

The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim? A) The author's statement that Native Americans lived in a "trading house" near the English settlement B) The author's statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not "make a fire, or fetch water to drink" C) The author's statement that the English settlers "took pity" at the sight of the Native Americans' suffering D) The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph? A) The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified B) Barbadian slaves are punished more leniently than slaves working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands C) Plantation owners who punish their slaves too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly C) The punishments of slaves in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly slave uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island

The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified

Which of the following changes BEST justifies the contention that the early years of the Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1867) marked a shift in the power of the daimyo and samurai in Japanese society? A) They remained in their traditional roles despite other changes taking place in Japanese society B) They became merchants and industrialists, helping to bring the industrial revolution to Japan C) They became merchants and completely gave up all traditional roles and responsibilities they previously enjoyed D) They were encouraged to become bureaucrats, government functionaries, and even scholars

They were encouraged to become bureaucrats, government functionaries, and even scholars

Which of the following changes, alluded to in the tone of the excerpt, BEST justifies the claim that the early years of the 1800s marked the beginning of a significant change in the perception of chattel slavery? A) the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War between states that remained in the union and those that seceded and formed the Confederate States of America B) Russian government action that ended the serfdom labor system C) abolition of slavery in the empire of Brazil, the last major nation to outlaw slavery D) effects of the end of the British slave trade and suppression of slave trading by other nations

effects of the end of the British slave trade and suppression of slave trading by other nations

The spread of the practice of foot binding, which probably originated during the Song dynasty but became very popular during the later Ming and Qing dynasties, typically led to which of the following changes in the experience of women who were subjected to the foot binding process? A) Women who underwent this process lost status, as those women were perceived to be prostitutes if their feet were bound B) Women who had their feet bound were usually upper class, as the process ended up making them unable to move around easily and thus their labor was not needed, adding status to the family C) Women with bound feet were expected to complete the same domestic tasks as women whose feet were not bound D) Women who experienced foot binding were exclusively from the middle and lower classes, as upper class women were often involved in organized sports favored by the Manchu peoples

Women who had their feet bound were usually upper class, as the process ended up making them unable to move around easily and thus their labor was not needed, adding status to the family

Which group was the illustrator probably most interested in reaching with the content of this illustration that shows the hard labor required to produce sugarcane for processing into molasses, sugar, and rum? A) slaves who worked on plantations in the Americas B) ship owners who used their vessels to transport enslaved Africans to the Americas to labor on plantations C) actual or potential supporters of the abolition of chattel slavery in the Americas D) plantation owners who produced agricultural crops using the labor of enslaved Africans

actual or potential supporters of the abolition of chattel slavery in the Americas

Based on the purpose of the letter, Selim's description of the followers of Shah Ismail I as a "heretical faction" can best be interpreted as a commentary of the Safavid Empire's... A) military strength B) adherence to Shi'a Islam C) Turkic origins D) use of the Persian language

adherence to Shi'a Islam

All of the following statements are true about the Chinese commercial diaspora in southeast Asia during the Ming and Qing dynasties EXCEPT... A) VOC or Dutch East India Company merchants in Batavia and other Indonesia ports traded spices and silver with Chinese merchants who offered tea, silk, and porcelain-Chinese specialty products B) tropical products were highly valued in China, so Chinese merchants expanded their network of exchange to include Chinese merchants residing in lands from Thailand to eastern Indonesia C) Chinese merchants soon came to dominate Manila market, where Chinese tea, porcelain, and silk were exchanged for American silver brought to the Philippines by the Manila galleons D) after the reconnaissance voyages of admiral Zheng He, both the Ming and its successor, the Qing, maintained large navies that patrolled the sea lanes of southeast Asia, enhancing trade opportunities

after the reconnaissance voyages of admiral Zheng He, both the Ming and its successor, the Qing, maintained large navies that patrolled the sea lanes of southeast Asia, enhancing trade opportunities

Which of the following BEST explains the context of Samuel Sewall's essay from 1700? A) an introduction to the need to stop colonization of different parts of the world B) a response to calls for cheap prices for cash crops from the Americas C) a rejection of appeals to end human trafficking D) an appeal to Christian believers to become abolitionists

an appeal to Christian believers to become abolitionists

A historian researching the resistance led by Queen Nzinga of Ndongo against Portuguese expansion would most likely use which of the following sources? A) examples of actions taken by the Kongo to annex the kingdom of Ndongo in order to protect it from Muslim slave traders B) autobiographies of Portuguese merchants active in the western Africa trade in the 1600s C) diplomatic correspondence between the governments of Ndongo and Portugal related to disputes between the two powers D) letters between Roman Catholic Church leaders in western Africa describing the church's support for expanding trade with Ndongo

diplomatic correspondence between the governments of Ndongo and Portugal related to disputes between the two powers

The photograph of the passageway slaves passed through to be loaded onto slave ships bound for the Americas exemplifies which of the following? A) effects of coerced migration on sending and receiving societies B) conflict between local and global networks of communication and exchange C) economic penetration as a result of colonization D) imposition of religion by military conquest

effects of coerced migration on sending and receiving societies

All of the following would be the most useful sources for evidence of results from a series of naval reconnaissance missions that Admiral Zheng He conducted for the emperor Yongle (reigned 1403-1424) in the Indian Ocean basin EXCEPT... A) journals of Chinese ambassadors to Indian Ocean states and their interactions with admirals of the navies the Yongle emperor's successors continued to send to the Indian Ocean basin B) inventories of goods brought back to China by these reconnaissance missions C) copies of tributary arrangements negotiated by Indian Ocean rulers and representatives of the emperor D) navigational charts of Indian Ocean basin waters crafted by members of these missions

journals of Chinese ambassadors to Indian Ocean states and their interactions with admirals of the navies the Yongle emperor's successors continued to send to the Indian Ocean basin

After the arrival of the Europeans, East Asian societies... A) quickly fell under indirect European economic control B) immediately fell under direct European control C) quickly copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans D) largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century

largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century

The report's position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in the light of the author's goal to... A) secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade B) highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade C) recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia D) offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes

secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as... A) evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General B) shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share C) dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands D) seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

Law and society made traditional African slavery different from Asian and European bondage in all of the following ways EXCEPT... A) slaves sometimes adopted into their owner's kinship group could be granted freedom or even relatively high status in his or her new family B) control of slaves meant control of wealth, since they served as a type of property that could be inherited and were a form of investment for individuals C) slaves in Africa were treated as chattels and the status of being a slave could never be altered, and children born to slaves were always considered slaves as well D) wealth and power in Africa was related to control of labor which was used to cultivate commonly held land, as land was not considered private property

slaves in Africa were treated as chattels and the status of being a slave could never be altered, and children born to slaves were always considered slaves as well

The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT... A) many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it B) the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox C) the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease D) smallpox was widespread among Native Americans

the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

All of the following are true of the experiences of daimyo and their families under the rule of the Tokugawa EXCEPT... A) all daimyo were required to have their families live in the shogun's personal domain of Edo (modern Tokyo) and the daimyo themselves were required to live in Edo in alternating years B) the shogun encouraged daimyo to continue to build commercial relationships with European merchants, including the import of personal firearms, cannon, and gunpowder C) samurai retainers were of lesser importance as warfare between daimyo was not allowed and any work on their personal castles by daimyo required the shogun's approval D) daimyo were discouraged from visiting each other and perhaps conspiring against the shogun, and the bakufu even required government approval of marriages between children of different daimyo families

the shogun encouraged daimyo to continue to build commercial relationships with European merchants, including the import of personal firearms, cannon, and gunpowder

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the transatlantic slave trade ca. 1500-1800 had no precedence in prior interactions between Muslims and sub-Saharan Africans. All of the following support the concept of this earlier slave trade relationship EXCEPT... A) during the first millennia, the Islamic slave trade was in operation, and perhaps ten million Africans were sold to purchasers from north Africa to Iraq to Melaka in the modern state of Malaysia B) Muslim slavers raided deep into the African interior beginning in the ninth century to acquire slaves, then transported them across the Sahara by camel caravan to Mediterranean Sea basin markets C) there is little evidence that Muslim Arabs and other Muslim peoples in the Indian Ocean basin were widely involved in slave trading D) when traditional sources of slaves failed to meet demand, Arab Muslim raiders depopulated whole communities and marched them to the Swahili coast for transport to Asian markets

there is little evidence that Muslim Arabs and other Muslim peoples in the Indian Ocean basin were widely involved in slave trading

The Fulani were an important religious movement in all of the following ways EXCEPT... A) they fought against Christian kingdoms in west Africa such as Kongo and helped end their slave trade B) they created a vast network of kingdoms throughout northern west Africa C) they spread Islamic beliefs to the countryside where they created schools D) they practiced a more traditional form of Islam than many of the African Muslim kingdoms did

they fought against Christian kingdoms in west Africa such as Kongo and helped end their slave trade

An Islam and Christianity spread into sub-Saharan Africa,... A) Judaism lost ground because it failed to capture a larger audience B) they were imposed as a result of military conquest C) they mixed with each other, creating a distinct mixture of Islamic and Christian concepts D) they mixed with some of the original religious traditions

they mixed with some of the original religious traditions

All of the following are true regarding the importance of the Chinese bureaucratic examination process in the Ming and Qing empires EXCEPT... A) men from wealthy families probably had some advantage, as years of study and travel to examination sites was expensive; however, men of any social class were eligible to participate in the process B) the process was extremely rigorous and only about twenty-thousand positions were available for around a million degree holders, so selection for a bureaucratic position was deemed a great honor C) Confucian personal values were instilled in those who prepared to compete in the district, provisional, and metropolitan examination levels by studying classic Chinese literature and philosophy D) those who passed the lower examinations bet failed the metropolitan examination were still assured employment and a rise in social status

those who passed the lower examinations bet failed the metropolitan examination were still assured employment and a rise in social status

The Kongo king's conversion to Christianity followed a familiar pattern in Africa in which... A) political instability promotes religious conversions among the lower classes B) upper classes force lower class conversions as part of treaty deals to delay invasion C) trade prompts religious conversions among the ruling and merchant classes D) invaders force religious conversions among all peoples before they are viewed as human

trade prompts religious conversions among the ruling and merchant classes

Each of the following claims about the evolution of merchants' social status in Tokugawa Japan is true EXCEPT... A) rapid growth of cities under the Tokugawa allowed Japanese merchants to prosper and take advantage of new business opportunities in the vibrant urban environments B) daimyo and samurai gradually came to control less wealth than did rice brokers, pawnbrokers, and sake or wine merchants that provided services or goods to daimyo and samurai families C) under the accepted Confucian social order, merchants were seen as higher in status than samurai, as their activities created wealth D) newly wealthy merchants were on occasion able to purchase elite ranks or to arrange or contract marriages with members of elite families, thus raising the status of the merchant families

under the accepted Confucian social order, merchants were seen as higher in status than samurai, as their activities created wealth

A historian researching the "native learning" movement in Tokugawa Japan would most likely use which of the following sources? A) writings by Japanese scholars which emphasized traditional Shinto religious beliefs endemic to Japan and condemning foreign, imported religions and philosophies B) census data describing the religious adherence rates of Japanese people C) diplomatic correspondence between the Tokugawa court and the Qing imperial court related to competing claims to exercising tributary relationships with Korea D) autobiographies of Japanese government officials

writings by Japanese scholars which emphasized traditional Shinto religious beliefs endemic to Japan and condemning foreign, imported religions and philosophies