Chapter 26. Digestive System

The volume of saliva secreted daily ranges between ______ liters.

1.0-1.5

Ingested nutrients spend at least ______ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed.

12

From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ______ feet and a diameter of ______ inches.

5; 2.5

Bile and pancreatic juice mix in the hepatopancreatic prior to emptying into the duodenum via the major duodenal .

Blank 1: ampulla Blank 2: papilla

The liver is covered by a tissue capsule and a layer of peritoneum, except for a small region on its diaphragmatic surface called the bare area.

Blank 1: connective Blank 2: visceral

The union of the duct and the common duct forms the common duct that extends inferiorly to the duodenum.

Blank 1: cystic Blank 2: hepatic Blank 3: bile

The fauces are bounded by paired muscular folds: the anterior fold called the arch and the posterior fold called the arch.

Blank 1: palatoglossal Blank 2: palatopharyngeal

When you swallow, the soft palate and the elevate to close off the posterior entrance into the and prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region.

Blank 1: uvula Blank 2: nasopharynx

Lips have a reddish hue because of their abundant supply of superficial vessels and the reduced amount of within their outer epithelial layer.

Blood , keratin

The hard palate is formed by the processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the bones.

Palatine/ palatine

When you swallow, the soft palate and the elevate to close off the posterior entrance into the nasopharynx.

Uvula

The function of the digestive system that involves membrane transport of digested molecules from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph is called

absorption

The roots of the teeth fit tightly into dental , which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.

alveoli

Proteins are polymers composed of acids.

amino

Incisors are the most ______ placed teeth.

anteriorly

The nerves associated with the GI tract consist of both sensory and ______ motor axons.

autonomic

In the oral cavity, food is mixed with saliva to form a wet mass called a

bolus

The ______ muscles compress the cheeks against the teeth to hold solid materials in place during chewing.

buccinator

Disaccharides are an example of a ______.

carbohydrate

The ______ is the small, narrow, superior entryway into the stomach lumen from the esophagus.

cardia

The internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus is called the orifice.

cardiac

After the bolus has been completely processed in the stomach, the product is called ______.

chyme

At the superior end of the esophagus, the superior esophageal sphincter is a thickened ring of ______ muscle marking the area where the esophagus and the pharynx meet.

circular skeletal

The duct that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct is the duct.

cystic

What forms the primary mass of a tooth?

dentin

The teeth are collectively known as the

dentition

Most saliva is produced ______ meals.

during

The superior esophageal sphincter is closed during inhalation of air, so that air doesn't enter the and enters the and trachea instead.

esophagus larynx

Select all that apply Which are GI tract organs?

esophagus small intestine large intestine

The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx is called the ______.

fauces

The transverse palatine folds are also known as ridges.

friction

The organ that concentrates bile that is produced by the liver is the

gallbladder

The anterior two-thirds of the palate is bony (called the palate), while the posterior one-third is soft and muscular (called the palate).

hard, soft

The pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct at the ampulla.

hepatopancreatic

The three divisions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and

ileum

Immediately posterolateral to the lateral are the canine teeth, which have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing food.

incisors

The ______ are designed for slicing or cutting into food.

incisors

The lateral walls of the oral cavity are formed by the cheeks, which are covered externally by the ______ and contain the ______ muscles.

integument, buccinator

Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by the visceral peritoneum are called ______ organs.

intraperitoneal

The internal surfaces of the superior and inferior lips each are attached to the gingivae by a thin mucosa fold in the midline, called the ______.

labial frenulum

Which organ is responsible for the elimination of wastes in the form of feces?

large intestine

The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped sac that occupies the upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the

left, diaphragm

The inferior surface of the tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, vertical mucous membrane, the frenulum.

lingual

The posteroinferior surface of the tongue contains ______ tonsils.

lingual

The cheeks terminate at the fleshy ______, which form the ______ wall of the oral cavity.

lips, anterior

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of ______.

monosaccharides

The small intestine finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing ______ of the nutrients and water.

most

The GI tract begins with the ______.

mouth

Phosphatase is an enzyme that breaks down ______.

nucleic acids

The lips are formed primarily by the ______ muscle.

orbicularis oris

The superior boundary of the oral cavity is formed by the hard and soft ______.

palates

Most of the bone of the hard palate exhibits prominent transverse ______ folds.

palatine

There are numerous small projections called that cover the surface of the tongue.

papillae

The ______ are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the ______.

premolars; molars

The six essential nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water, and

proteins

The liver lies in the ______ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ______.

right; diaphragm

The palate forms the ______ of the mouth.

roof

The tongue is an accessory digestive organ that is formed primarily from ______ muscle.

skeletal

Identify the location of the absorption of the components of nucleic acids.

small intestine

Identify the location of the majority of triglyceride digestion.

small intestine

The process of absorption occurs primarily in the ______.

small intestine

At specific locations along the GI tract, the inner circular muscle layer is greatly thickened to form a ______.

sphincter

Select all that apply Intraperitoneal organs include the ______, most of the ______, and parts of the large intestine.

stomach small intestine

The pyloric sphincter regulates the movement of material from the ______.

stomach and small intestine

The cardia is the ______ passageway of the stomach.

superior

Mastication is the process whereby material is chewed by the in the cavity.

teeth oral

The oral cavity is bounded anteriorly by the ______ and lips and posteriorly by the ______.

teeth; oropharynx

Extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is a conical median projection called the .

uvula

Select all that apply Identify the cranial nerves associated with gastrointestinal tract motor output. Select all that apply.

vagus facial glossopharyngeal