Chapter 26- Urinary System

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure2. capsular hydrostatic pressure3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure4. blood colloid osmotic pressure5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

1, 2, and 4 are correct.

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration?1. filtration slit (slit pore)2. capsular space3. basement membrane4. fenestrated endothelium

4, 3, 1, 2

The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the

proximal convoluted tubule.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. Submit

Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange of which ions? (Figure 26-13)

reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

rectum

In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?

release of ANP and BNP

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

secretion.

Which of the following statements is false regarding micturition?

Stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated by the warm temperature of the urine.

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?

Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.

________ is the most abundant organic waste.

Urea

The final composition of urine is represented by which of the following statements?

Urine = substances filtered - substances reabsorbed + substances secreted.

Immediate local responses of the kidney to changes in blood flow to maintain GFR occur via

autoregulation

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

autoregulation

Which of these is NOT an organic waste found in urine?

bicarbonate ions

There are multiple pressures involved in controlling glomerular filtration and the formation of filtrate. Which is the pressure that opposes the formation of filtrate by drawing water out of the filtrate and back into the plasma?

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A diuretic drug called thiazide increases water loss by reducing ion reabsorption in the proximal and the distal convoluted tubules. Which of the following answer choices correctly pertains to this statement?

Obligatory water reabsorption is thus reduced.

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate?

the proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule?

All of the listed activities occur at the proximal convoluted tubule.

A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. This will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?

Both statements are true.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

Which statement best describes the relationship between Type 2 diabetes and the transport maximum (Tm)?

The continued high concentration of glucose in blood could cause the chronic transport maximum to be exceeded. This may result in membrane damage that affects glucose reabsorption as well as an inability to regulate blood glucose to normal levels.

If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?

The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.

Mike's injury is going to impact his urinary system significantly. Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

The kidney releases erythropoietin, a hormone that functions in the maturation of white blood cells.

Damage to the glomerular filtration membrane allowing proteins into the capsular space would result in all of the following except

a decrease in capsular hydrostatic pressure.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause

a large volume of dilute urine.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

afferent arterioles

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?

aldosterone

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions.

The proximal convoluted tubule cells are

cuboidal cells with microvilli

Chronic and acute renal failure impairs all of the functions carried out by the kidneys and, as a consequence, the functions of most other body systems. Which of the following renal functions is matched incorrectly?

erythropoietin, digestion

The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules.

During filtration, anything that is small enough to pass through all three layers of the filtration membrane will become part of the filtrate. Sometimes, the least porous layer of this membrane becomes clogged and then glomerulonephritis may occur. What is the name of the most porous layer of the filtration membrane?

fenestrated endothelium

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows

from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole.

The first step in the formation of urine is the generation of filtrate from the blood plasma by filtration. In what part of the nephron does the formation of filtrate occur?

glomerular capsule

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate.

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is equal to

glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + blood colloid osmotic pressure).

Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in

hypokalemia

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except

increased blood volume.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

increased fluid retention

Which of these effects is NOT produced by sympathetic activation?

increased glomerular filtration rate

What four factors shown result in an increased blood volume? (Figure 26-11)

increased sodium retention, increased fluid consumption, increased fluid retention, and constriction of systemic veins

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

juxtaglomerular cells.

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex.

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

large proteins

When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

micturition

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

Some patients with kidney failure regularly undergo a procedure called hemodialysis to cleanse their blood. This procedure thus effectively simulates which of the following kidney components.

nephrons

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except

obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.

protein

Which of the following substances should not be filtered?

proteins

In which region of the kidney is a glomerulus located? (Figure 26-5)

renal cortex

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?

renin

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?

renin-angiotensin system

ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine. (Figure 26-15)

small; concentrated

The majority of cotransporters and countertransporters are linked to the reabsorption of what ion?

sodium

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements.

The majority of renal innervation is by the

sympathetic nervous system.

Mike's injury caused his ureter to be torn away at the hilum of the kidney. What internal kidney structures funnel the urine into the renal pelvis of the ureter?

the calyces

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters.

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

Diuretics are used for all of the following reasons except

to reduce glucose levels.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

vasa recta