Chapter 27
What characteristics did Communist and fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.
What lessons did totalitarian leaders take from World War I?
Complete disregard for human life in favor of state control
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the S.A. storm troopers, who roughly one thousand individuals, killed in 1934?
Hitler wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the S.A. leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during the World War II?
Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.
What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced German society to conform to National Socialist ideology.
What contributed to Joseph Stalin, rather than Leon Trotsky, emerging as Vladimir Lenin's successor?
Stalin rose to the position of general secretary of the party's Central Committee in 1922.
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad.
How did the fascist vision of society differ from the communist vision of society?
The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in the bonds of nationalism, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its classlessness.
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs.
How did the Nazis seek to give legitimacy to their racial policies?
They sponsored studies of cultures in order to prove that certain cultures were intellectually superior to others and that German culture was superior above all.
What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
Benito Mussolini's experiences in which conflict contributed to his development of the fascist political ideology?
World War I
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.