Chapter 27 | The Reproductive System

As many as _______ sperm can be released with each ejaculation. A) 300 B) 3000 C) 750 million D) 750 trillion

A) 300

Which of the following glands produces a thick, clear mucus? A) Bulbo-urethral gland B) Prostate gland C) Seminal vesicle D) Epididymis

A) Bulbo-urethral gland

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________. A) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium B) estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle C) the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation D) a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation

A) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? A) LH B) FSH C) progesterone D) estrogen

A) LH

_______ is the stage of life in females when reproductive hormones decline and menstrual cycles become erratic. A) Menopause B) Menarche C) Mittelschmerz D) Puberty

A) Menopause

The _______ of the uterus receives the embryo and provides nourishment until the placenta is formed. A) endometrium B) myometrium C) perimetrium D) epimetrium

A) endometrium

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic promoted by estrogen? A) growth of the mammary glands B) enlargement of the external genitalia C) stimulation of oogenesis D) thickening of cervical mucus

A) growth of the mammary glands

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? A) labia majora B) labia minora C) clitoris D) vagina

A) labia majora

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina? A) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte B) serves as a passageway for menstrual flow C) serves as the birth canal D) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse

A) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

Cryptorchidism is a condition in which __________ . A) testes fail to descend B) testes are removed before puberty C) cysts form in the ovaries D) sperm fail to gain motility

A) testes fail to descend

Which of the following glands are responsible for producing 70% of semen volume? A) the seminal vesicles B) the bulbourethral glands C) the prostate D) the pituitary

A) the seminal vesicles

Which portion of the penis contains the urethra? A) Corpora cavernosa B) Corpus spongiosum C) Prepuce D) Crura

B) Corpus spongiosum

Where in the body are sperm stored? A) Testis B) Epididymis C) Prostate D) Seminal vesicle

B) Epididymis

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A) Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development. B) High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. C) The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation. D) The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.

B) High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone? A) FSH B) LH C) Estrogen D) Progesterone

B) LH

During the part of the normal menstrual cycle when the levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease, what will occur? A) Fertilization B) Menstruation C) Amenorrhea D) Ovulation

B) Menstruation

This gland is located just inferior to the urinary bladder. A) Bulbo-urethral B) Prostate C) Seminal vesicle D) Cowper's

B) Prostate

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation? A) The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only. B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase. C) The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced. D) The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans.

B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region. B) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary. C) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization. D) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length.

B) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play? A) They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens. B) They regulate the temperature of the testes. C) They are responsible for penile erection. D) They contract to allow ejaculation.

B) They regulate the temperature of the testes.

Which of the following has a very acidic pH? A) Testis B) Vagina C) Uterus D) Ejaculatory duct

B) Vagina

Normally menstruation occurs when ________. A) blood levels of FSH fall off B) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease C) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase D) the corpus luteum secretes estrogen

B) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

The _______ of the penis fill(s) with blood during sexual arousal, causing an erection. A) corpus spongiosum B) corpora cavernosa C) urethra D) glans penis

B) corpora cavernosa

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. A) dizygotic B) genetically identical C) fraternal D) potentially of different sexes

B) genetically identical

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. A) gravity B) peristaltic contractions C) enzymatic activity D) hormonal action

B) peristaltic contractions

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels. A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) FSH

B) progesterone

Crossing over occurs during __________ . A) anaphase II B) prophase I C) anaphase I D) metaphase I

B) prophase I

Prostate cancer is ________. A) the number one cause of death in men B) sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient C) most common in Asians D) often the result of a distortion of the urethra

B) sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

The _______ urethra runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external uretheral orifice. A) membranous B) spongy C) penile D) prostatic

B) spongy

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________. A) the hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide B) the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation C) the hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant D) the hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg

B) the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation

Fertilization typically occurs in the __________ . A) ovary B) uterine tube C) uterus D) vagina

B) uterine tube

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A) Graafian follicles B) uterine tubes C) infundibula D) fimbriae

B) uterine tubes

Ovulated oocytes enter the fallopian tubes: A) directly, from contact with the ovary. B) via undulations of the fimbriae that draw in the oocyte. C) via diffusion. D) via muscular contractions of the infundibulum expelling the oocyte at a rate of 200 m/sec.

B) via undulations of the fimbriae that draw in the oocyte.

Which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity? A) Epididymis B) Ejaculatory duct C) Ductus deferens D) Urethra

C) Ductus deferens

Where do sperm acquire their motility? A) Testis B) Ductus deferens C) Epididymis D) Uterine tube

C) Epididymis

A woman who wants to ensure conception might buy an "ovulation predictor" kit. Which of the following hormones, when detected by the kit, would be the best indicator of imminent ovulation? A) Estrogen B) GnRH C) LH D) FSH

C) LH

Which of the following structures in the female is/are homologous to the scrotum? A) Vagina B) Labia minora C) Labia majora D) Mons pubis

C) Labia majora

Primary spermatocytes are produced during which process? A) Meiosis I B) Meiosis II C) Mitosis D) Spermiogenesis

C) Mitosis

Which of the following statements is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems? A) The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity. B) The urethra is part of the reproductive system. C) The gametes are formed by meiosis. D) Production of gametes begins during fetal life.

C) The gametes are formed by meiosis.

Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? A) There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system. B) There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood. C) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes. D) Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex that activates urinary contraction muscles.

C) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

Which structure has fimbriae? A) Uterus B) Ovary C) Uterine tubes D) Vulva

C) Uterine tubes

The areola is an area found on the __________ . A) ovary B) testis C) breast D) penis

C) breast

A ruptured follicle is transformed into the: A) antrum B) ovarian follicle C) corpus luteum D) germinal epithelium

C) corpus luteum

Immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the __________ . A) developing follicle B) corpus albicans C) corpus luteum D) endometrium

C) corpus luteum

Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? A) late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline B) vesicular follicle growth C) corpus luteum secretion D) development of endometrial cells

C) corpus luteum secretion

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________. A) smoking B) a diet high in fat C) failure of the testis to make their normal descent D) sexually transmitted infections

C) failure of the testis to make their normal descent

Effects of estrogen include ________. A) increased oiliness of the skin B) deepening of the voice C) growth of the breasts at puberty D) growth of the larynx

C) growth of the breasts at puberty

If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate? A) within the next 4 days B) in about 10 days C) in about 14 days D) in about 24 days

C) in about 14 days

Erection in the male is controlled by the _____ nervous system, whereas ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system. A) voluntary; sympathetic B) voluntary; parasympathetic C) parasympathetic; sympathetic D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

C) parasympathetic; sympathetic

Follicle cells are part of the __________ . A) tunica albuginea B) corpus luteum C) primordial follicles D) vesicular follicles

C) primordial follicles

The testes are housed in the _______, which _______. A) testicle; elevates sperm development temperature B) epididymis; provides energy to the sperm C) scrotum; lowers sperm development temperature D) dartos muscle; lowers the scrotum

C) scrotum; lowers sperm development temperature

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. A) about the same number of each is produced per month B) they have the same degree of motility C) they have the same number of chromosomes D) they are about the same size

C) they have the same number of chromosomes

Short Answer: The erectile tissue around the urethra is the corpus

Corpus Spongiosum

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of breast cancer? A) History of no, or short periods of, breast-feeding B) Early onset of menses and late menopause C) Family history of breast cancer D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following hormones do males secrete? A) Testosterone B) FSH C) LH D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which structure is NOT associated with the testes? A) Tunica albuginea B) Tunica vaginalis C) Pampiniform venous plexus D) All of the above are associated with the testes.

D) All of the above are associated with the testes.

Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones? A) LH B) FSH C) Testosterone D) All three are necessary for spermatogenesis.

D) All three are necessary for spermatogenesis.

When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest? A) During the menstrual phase B) At ovulation C) During the proliferative phase D) During the secretory phase

D) During the secretory phase

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A) The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. B) During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest. C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone. D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? A) Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. B) All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant. C) The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation. D) The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.

D) The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.

Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function. A) The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth. B) The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. C) The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg. D) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

D) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

The _______ is (are) responsible for producing seminal fluid. A) testes B) seminal vesicles C) prostate gland D) b and c

D) b and c

In females, the _______ is (are) the homologous structure to the glans penis in males. A) vagina B) labia majora C) cervix D) clitoris

D) clitoris

The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? A) epididymis B) urethra C) ductus deferens D) corpus spongiosum

D) corpus spongiosum

The superior portion of the uterus is called the __________ . A) isthmus B) cervix C) ampulls D) fundus

D) fundus

In a nursing mother, the milk accumulates in the __________ . A) areola B) alveolar glands C) lactiferous ducts D) lactiferous sinuses

D) lactiferous sinuses

In females, _______ is the stage of life when reproductive hormones first begin surging and reproduction is first possible. A) menopause B) amenorrhea C) mittelschmerz D) puberty

D) puberty

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? A) maximal LH secretion and menstruation B) maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation C) early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus D) regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

D) regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

The uterus is anchored to the anterior body wall by the __________ . A) broad ligament B) suspensory ligament C) mesometrium D) round ligament

D) round ligament

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A) ovary B) uterus C) vagina D) uterine tubes

D) uterine tubes

Clinical: Debbie has been having pelvic pain, especially during her monthly period, for many months. She has been to several doctors and they all tell her that she is just experiencing extra-heavy monthly flows. The tests all turn up negative. She has been trying to conceive but nothing works. What could the problem be?

Debbie can have endometriosis. A common symptom includes pelvic pain that can worsen during menstruation. Endometriosis is when the uterine tubes are blocked, causing sperm to not reach the egg or vice versa.

True/False Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

False

True/False Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.

False

True/False Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis

False

True/False The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.

False

True/False When it is cold, the scrotum is pulled away from the body.

False

Short Answer: What are some risk factors for developing breast cancer?

Females have a way higher chance of developing breast cancer than men. Chances of developing breast cancer increase as age increases. A family history of breast cancer increases chances as well.

Short Answer: Ovulation occurs when the oocyte is released into the peritoneal cavity. By what means does it usually enter the uterine tube?

Fimbriae create currents in the peritoneal fluid. The currents carry the oocyte into the uterine tube. From there it heads to the uterus.

Short Answer: The midpiece of the sperm tail contains mostly

Mitochondria

Clinical: Based on your knowledge of how the prostate encircles part of the urethra, what are two clinical manifestations of an enlarged prostate?

One clinical manifestation of an enlarged prostate is that it would be difficult to start voiding. This is because the flow of urine is blocked. Another one would be having a weak flow of urine.

Short Answer: Describe the composition and functional roles of semen.

Sperm is made up of different secretions from the male reproductive organs. These include the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. It protects sperm while facilitating their movements.

Short Answer: What is the purpose of the male bulbourethral gland?

The bulbourethral glands are two small pea-sized organs about 1 cm in diameter. They are located inferior to the prostate. The bulbourethral gland adds fluid to semen during the process of ejaculation.

Short Answer: What is the name given to the female homologue to the penis?

The female homologue of the penis is the clitoris. The clitoris is superior to the vestibule. It contains dorsal erectile columns and swells with blood during tactile stimulation.

Short Answer: Explain the function of the myometrium and endometrium.

The myometrium contracts rhythmically during childbirth. The endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus. They both perform important functions during childbirth.

True/False It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.

True

True/False The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

True

True/False The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

True

Short Answer: Surgical cutting of the ductus deferens as a form of birth control is called a(n

Vasectomy