Chapter 28

freud stage 2

*anal stage: 1-3 years toilet training (control)

erickson stage 3

*initiative vs. guilt: 3-6 years learns about the world through play, develops a conscience, seeks sense of accomplishment

fowler stage 1

*intuitive-projective toddlerhood -children imitate religious gestures and behaviors of others without comprehending any meaning of or significance to the activities -assimilate some of the values and beliefs of their parents

freud stage 4

*latency period: 6-12 years playing, learning, physical and intellectual quests

freud stage 3

*phallic stage: 3-6 years discovers genitals, may love opposite sex parent

moral worth

how closely do my actions and behaviors meet moral standards that have been set?

kohlberg? intellectual

moral development 3 stages

temperament

-Manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting that is characteristic of an individual Easy? Difficult? Slow to warm up?

individual differences

-great individual variation exists in the age at which developmental milestones are reached -sequence is predictable, exact timing is not

lymphoid tissue

-growth pattern unlike any other part of the body -well developed at birth -increase rapidly to reach adult dimensions by 6 years and reach a max development at around 10-12 years old which is twice their adult size -then rapid decline to stable adult dimensions by end of adolescence

nutrition

-single most important influence on growth -dietary factors regulate growth at all stages of development -appetites fluctuate in response to growth spurts

body image

-subjective concepts and attitudes that individuals have toward their own bodies -combo of psychologic, physiologic and social nature -labels attached to them or body parts are incorporated into the body image

The head-to-tail direction of growth is referred to as: a. Cephalocaudal. b. Proximodistal. c. Mass to specific. d. Sequential.

a. Cephalocaudal.

cooperative play

-a leader organizing play, baseball game etc (school age) -playing in a group with other children -group loosely formed but a marked sense of belonging or not belonging exists

skill play

-after grasp is established -repeating an action over and over again

At what age do children tend to imitate the religious gestures and behaviors of others without understanding their significance? a. Toddlerhood b. Young school-age period c. Older school-age period d. Adolescence

a. Toddlerhood

maturation

an increase in competence and adaptability, usually described as a qualitative change to function at higher level

language development: intellectual

-Born with the mechanism and capacity to develop speech and language skills -Environment must provide a means for them to acquire language skills -require intact physiologic structure and function: respiratory, auditory, cerebral -Intelligence -A need to communicate -Stimulation

dramatic, or pretend play

-begins in late infancy (11-13 months) and predominates in preschool play -acting out events of daily life -learn and practice roles and identities modeled by the members of the family and society -ex: using a phone, driving a car, rocking a doll -older children work out elaborate themes, act out stories and compose plays

biologic determinants of growth

-bone growth and dentition changes are continuous -other areas of growth occur at specific stages (appearance of secondary sex characteristics) -it is these ^ that can be compared with standardized norms to determine a child's developmental progress with a high degree of confidence

social affective play

-infants -take pleasure in relationships with people -learns to provoke parental and adult responses by skiing, cooing or initiating games and activities

unoccupied behavior

-no playful, but focusing their attention on something that strikes their interest -ex: daydream, fiddle with clothes, walk aimlessly

sense-pleasure play

-nonsocial stimulating experience -light and color, taste and odor, texture and consistency attract children's attention, stimulates senses and gives pleasure -ex: touching water, sand rocks -ex: swinging, bouncing, rocking -ex: smelling, humming

parallel play

-playing next to each other, but not together (toddler) -usually with toys similar to toys children next to them are playing with, but no group association

sleep and rest

-protective functions -allows for repair and recovery of tissues after activity -children sleep less as they grow older, but time needed for sleep still varies from child to child

temperature: thermoregulation

-temp decreases over course of development -thermoregulation one of the most important adaptation responses of infants during transition from intra to extrauterine life

skeletal growth and maturation

-the most accurate measure of general development -skeletal age appears to correlate more closely with other measures of physiological maturity (like menarche)

neurologic maturation

-two periods of rapid brain cell growth during fetal life: 15 and 20 weeks of gestation and at 30 weeks, extending to1 year of age

development

a gradual change and expansion; advancement from lower to more advanced stage of complexity; increased capacity through growth, maturation, and learning

The theorist who viewed developmental progression as a lifelong series of conflicts that need resolution is: a. Erikson. b. Freud. c. Kohlberg. d. Piaget.

a. Erikson.

What is probably the single most important influence on growth at all stages of development? a. Nutrition b. Heredity c. Culture d. Environment

a. Nutrition

Which term refers to those times in an individual's life when he or she is more susceptible to positive or negative influences? a. Sensitive period b. Sequential period

a. Sensitive period

The nurse is observing parents playing with their 10-month-old daughter. What should the nurse recognize as evidence that the child is developing object permanence? a. She looks for the toy the parents hide under the blanket. b. She returns the blocks to the same spot on the table. c. She recognizes that a ball of clay is the same when flattened out. d. She bangs two cubes held in her hands.

a. She looks for the toy the parents hide under the blanket.

classification of play

additive effect each development builds on past accomplishments some element of each is maintained throughout life at each stage, the new predominates

growth

an increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins; results in increased size and weight of whole or any of its parts

Which statement is true about toy safety? a. Adults should be the only ones who select toys. b. Adults should be alert to notices of recalls by manufacturers. c. Government agencies inspect all toys on the market. d. Evaluation of toy safety is a joint effort between children and adults.

b. Adults should be alert to notices of recalls by manufacturers.

The nurse observes some children in the playroom. Which play situation exhibits the characteristics of parallel play? a. Kimberly and Amanda sharing clay to each make things b. Brian playing with his truck next to Kristina playing with her truck c. Adam playing a board game with Kyle, Steven, and Erich d. Danielle playing with a music box on her mother's lap

b. Brian playing with his truck next to Kristina playing with her truck

A mother reports that her 6-year-old child is highly active and irritable and that she has irregular habits and adapts slowly to new routines, people, or situations. According to Chess and Thomas, which category of temperament best describes this child? a. Easy child b. Difficult child c. Slow-to-warm-up child d. Fast-to-warm-up child

b. Difficult child

By the time children reach their twelfth birthday, they should have learned to trust others and should have developed a sense of: a. Identity. b. Industry. c. Integrity. d. Intimacy.

b. Industry.

Which statement is true about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children? a. It is reduced by fever. b. It is slightly higher in boys than in girls at all ages. c. It increases with the age of child. d. It decreases as proportion of surface area to body mass increases.

b. It is slightly higher in boys than in girls at all ages.

How does the onset of the pubertal growth spurt compare in girls and boys? a. It occurs earlier in boys. b. It occurs earlier in girls. c. It is about the same in both boys and girls. d. In both boys and girls it depends on their growth in infancy.

b. It occurs earlier in girls.

The karyotype of a person is 47, XY, +21. This person is a: a. Normal male. b. Male with Down syndrome. c. Normal female. d. Female with Turner syndrome.

b. Male with Down syndrome.

Which "expected outcome" would be developmentally appropriate for a hospitalized 4-year-old child? a. The child will be dressed and fed by the parents. b. The child will independently ask for play materials or other personal needs. c. The child will be able to verbalize an understanding of the reason for the hospitalization. d. The child will have a parent stay in the room at all times.

b. The child will independently ask for play materials or other personal needs.

What is characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. Thinking is logical. b. Thinking is concrete. c. Reasoning is inductive. d. Generalizations can be made.

b. Thinking is concrete

By what age does birth length usually double? a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 4 years d. 6 years

c. 4 years

The intrauterine environment can have a profound and permanent effect on the developing fetus with or without chromosome or gene abnormalities. Most adverse intrauterine effects are the result of teratogens. The nurse is cognizant that this group of agents does not include: a. Accutane b. Rubella c. Amniotic bands d. Alcohol

c. Amniotic bands

In what type of play are children engaged in similar or identical activity without organization, division of labor, or mutual goal? a. Solitary b. Parallel c. Associative d. Cooperative

c. Associative

Frequent developmental assessments are important for which reason? a. Stable developmental periods during infancy provide an opportunity to identify any delays or deficits. b. Infants need stimulation specific to the stage of development. c. Critical periods of development occur during childhood. d. Child development is unpredictable and needs monitoring.

c. Critical periods of development occur during childhood.

Which strategy would be the least appropriate for a child to use to cope? a. Learning problem solving b. Listening to music c. Having parents solve problems d. Using relaxation techniques

c. Having parents solve problems

Which behavior is most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development? a. Progression from reflex activity to imitative behavior b. Inability to put oneself in another's place c. Increasingly logical and coherent thought processes d. Ability to think in abstract terms and draw logical conclusions

c. Increasingly logical and coherent thought processes

sequential trends

definite, predictable sequence with each child normally passing through every stage

developmental pace

development has a fixed, precise order but does not progress at the same rate or pace

sense of control

how well can i complete tasks, needed to produce desired actions? is someone or something specific versus luck or chance responsible for my successes and failures?

worthiness of love and acceptance

how worthy am i of love and acceptance from parents, other significant adults, siblings and peers?

self esteem

personal, subjective judgement of one's worthiness derived from and influenced by the social groups in the immediate environment and individuals' perceptions of how they are valued by others

solitary play

play alone with toys different from those used by other children in the same area; enjoy the presence of other children but make no effort to get close or speak to them

erickson is? personality development

psychosocial development 5 stages "vs"

fowler? intellectual

spiritual development 5 stages

differentiation

the processes by which early cells and structures are systematically modified and altered

competence

how adequate are my cognitive, physical and social skills?

freud is? personality development

psychosocial development 5 stages

sensitive periods

times in life when more susceptible to positive or negative influences

external proportions

variations in the growth rate of different tissues and organ systems produce significant changes in body proportions during childhood

fowler stage 2

* mythical-literal school age -parallels cognitive development and closely related to children's experiences and social interaction -most have a strong religious interest during these years -accept existence of a deity and knows that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished

erickson stage 2

*autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 1-3 years Independent "I do it" and control (toilet training)

piaget stage 3

*concrete operations: 7-11 years logical, inductive reasoning, less self centered, problem solving

kohlberg stage 2

*conventional level: 6-12 years seeks conformity and loyalty

fowler stage 4

*individuating-relfexive adolescence -compare religious standards of their parents with others -determine which standards to adopt and incorporate into their own set of values -compare religious standards with scientific viewpoint

erickson stage 4

*industry vs. inferiority: 6-12 years like working on projects with others, forming social relationships, seeks sense of achievement

freud stage 1

*oral stage: birth to one year oral gratification, breast feeding, pacifier, everything in mouth

kohlberg stage 3

*postconventional, autonomous or principled level: 13-18 years construct a personal, independent value system

kohlberg stage 1

*preconventional level: age 2-7 years follows rules, right and wrong, good and bad

piaget stage 2

*preoperational: 2-7 years egocentricity, magical thinking, ability to use symbols, concrete thinking

piaget stage 1

*sensorimotor: birth-2 years reflexive behavior to repetitive to initiative, object permanence

fowler stage 3

*synthetic-convention approaching adolescence -increasingly aware of spiritual disappointments -recognize that prayers are not always answered and may begin to modify or abandon religious practices -question parent's religious standards and practices

erickson stage 1

*trust vs. mistrust: birth-1 year needs to be cared for and loved to establish that trust

fowler stage 0

*undifferentiated infancy no concept of right or wrong, no beliefs and no convictions to guide their behavior

metabolism: Basal Metabolic Rate

-BMR is rate of metabolism when body is at rest -closely relates to portion of surface area to body mass -highest in newborn infants -decreases progressively to maturity -slightly higher in boys at all stages

piaget stage 4

*formal operations: 11-15 years adaptability, flexibility, abstract thinking, inductive and deductive reasoning

freud stage 5

*genital stage: >12 years hormones, reproductive systems mature

erickson stage 5

*identity vs. role confusion: 12-18 years preoccupied with appearance, lots of peer influence, establishing own identity

What factors indicate that parents should seek genetic counseling for their child (Select all that apply)? a. Abnormal newborn screen b. Family history of a hereditary disease c. History of hypertension in the family d. Severe colic as an infant e. Metabolic disorder

A, B, E

Play serves many purposes. In teaching parents about appropriate activities, the nurse should inform them that play serves the following function (Select all that apply): a. Intellectual development b. Physical development c. Self-awareness d. Creativity e. Temperament development

A, C, D

A nurse is preparing to administer a Denver II. Which statement(s) about the Denver II test is (are) accurate (Select all that apply)? a. All items intersected by the age line should be administered. b. There is no correction for a child born prematurely. c. The tool is an intelligence test. d. Toddlers and preschoolers should be prepared by presenting the test as a game. e. Presentation of the toys from the kit should be done one at a time.

A, D, E

directional trends of growth

cephalocaudal (head to toe) proximaldistal (inward to outward, trunk to distal) general to specific sqimple to complex

games

children from all cultures participate in games alone and with others from the time they are infants on

associative play

children play together and are engaged in the same or identical activity but there's no organization, no set leader or mutual goal for the game (over 2)

onlooker play

children watch other children to see what they are doing but make no attempt to enter into play activity

piaget? intellectual development

cognitive development 4 stages

An infant who weighs 7 pounds at birth would be expected to weigh how many pounds at age 1 year? a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 21

d. 21

According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. What is most characteristic of a preschooler's stage of moral development? a. Obeying the rules of correct behavior is important. b. Showing respect for authority is important behavior. c. Behavior that pleases others is considered good. d. Actions are determined as good or bad in terms of their consequences.

d. Actions are determined as good or bad in terms of their consequences.

A 13-year-old girl asks the nurse how much taller she will become. She has been growing about 2 inches per year but grew 4 inches this past year. Menarche recently occurred. The nurse should base her response on knowing that: a. Growth cannot be predicted. b. The pubertal growth spurt lasts about 1 year. c. Mature height is achieved when menarche occurs. d. Approximately 95% of mature height is achieved when menarche occurs.

d. Approximately 95% of mature height is achieved when menarche occurs.

Three children playing a board game would be an example of: a. Solitary play b. Parallel play c. Associative play d. Cooperative play

d. Cooperative play

Trauma to which site can result in a growth problem for children's long bones? a. Matrix b. Connective tissue c. Calcified cartilage d. Epiphyseal cartilage plate

d. Epiphyseal cartilage plate

The predominant characteristic of the intellectual development of the child ages 2 to 7 years is egocentricity. What best describes this concept? a. Selfishness b. Self-centeredness c. Preferring to play alone d. Inability to put self in another's place

d. Inability to put self in another's place

A child's skeletal age is best determined by: a. Assessment of dentition. b. Assessment of height over time. c. Facial bone development. d. Radiographs of the hand and wrist.

d. Radiographs of the hand and wrist.

A toddler playing with sand and water would be participating in _____ play. a. Skill b. Dramatic c. Social-affective d. Sense-pleasure

d. Sense-pleasure

Which function of play is a major component of play at all ages? a. Creativity b. Socialization c. Intellectual development d. Sensorimotor activity

d. Sensorimotor activity

Lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes are: a. Adult size by age 1 year. b. Adult size by age 13 years. c. Half their adult size by age 5 years. d. Twice their adult size by age 10 to 12 years.

d. Twice their adult size by age 10 to 12 years.