Chapter 29-34 Test

The half life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. If a 1-gram sample of old carbon is 1/8 as radioactive as 1-gram of a current sample, then the age of the old sample is about

17,200 years

When radium (A = 88) emits an alpha particle, the resulting nucleus has atomic number

86

When U-235 undergoes fission, the two nuclei that result have a total of

92 protons

Some double-pane airplane windows darken when the inner pane is rotated. The panes are

Polaroid filters

Which element has the smaller critical mass; U-235 that releases 2.5 neutrons per fission, or Pu-239 that releases 2.7 neutrons per fission?

Pu-239

a nucleon is either

a proton or neutron

A new theory conforms to the correspondence principle when it

accounts for verified results of the old theory

According to quantum physics, measuring the velocity of a tiny particle with an electromagnet

affects the velocity of the particle

the correspondence principle applies to

all good theories

Sometimes a flashlight filament glows red instead of white. This indicates a lowness of

all of these (current in the filament. filament temperature. battery strength)

A radiation detector measures the radioactivity of a piece of radium by catching and counting alpha particles it emits. According to physics, making this measurement affects the

alpha particles that are caught

quantum uncertainties are most predominant for simultaneously measuring the speed and location of

an electron

the function of polarizing filters in viewing 3-D slides or movies is to provide each eye

an independent left or right-hand view

an atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is

an ion

The vibrational direction of the electron and the plane of polarization of the light it emits

are the same

Radioactivity in the world is something

as old as the world itself

The polarization axes of glasses for 3-D viewing are

at right angles to each other

If an alpha particle and a beta particle have the same energy, which particle will penetrate farther into an object?

beta particle

the hottest star is the star that glows

blue

which body is heated in its interior by nuclear processes

both (sun and earth)

when an alpha particle is ejected from a nucleus, the nucleus then has less

both of these (mass and charge)

a beam of electrons has

both of these (particle and wave properties)

if a proton and an electron have identical momentum, the longer wavelength belongs to the

both the same (electron & proton)

what is it that electrons have that protons always have in equal magnitude

charge

energy released by the sun results from the process wherein atomic nuclei

combine

A hologram is simply a

complex diffraction grating

We now consider the orbital model of the atom to be

defective and oversimplified, but still useful

some alpha particles fired through a gold foil bounce backward by

electrostatic repulsion when close to gold nuclei

once an alpha particle is outside the nucleus it is

electrostatically repelled

which light source is more energy-efficient

fluorescent lamp

Which experiences the least electrical force in an electric field?

gamma ray

x-rays are similar to

gamma rays

A device that is used primarily to detect nuclear radiation is a

geiger counter

a chain reaction grows when the average number of liberated neutrons which go on to cause further fissions is

greater than one

Plutonium is not found in any appreciable amounts in natural ore deposits because it

has a short half life

When the hydrogen isotope tritium-3 emits a beta particle, it becomes an isotope of

helium

The most abundant element in the universe is

hydrogen

when a lump of uranium is broken into smaller pieces, the total surface area of the lump

increases

a nucleon has the least mass in the nucleus of

iron

uranium-235, uranium-239 and uranium-239 are different

isotopes

The energy release in both fission and fusion is mainly in the form of

kinetic energy of fragments

In gaseous form, at the same temperature, the average speed of U-238 compared to the speed of U-235 is

less

which of the following has the longer wavelength

low energy electron

The spectral lines are more distinct when viewed in a mercury vapor lamp under

low pressure

in the process of fluorescence, the input is high-frequency light and the output is

lower-frequency light

in the photoelectric effect, the greater the frequency of the illuminating light, the greater the

maximum velocity of ejected electrons

which of the following are conserved when a photon collides with an electron

momentum and energy

the amount of radiation we personally encounter that originates in the earth's and the atomosphere's natural background is

more than half

If iron were used as nuclear fuel, it would be best

neither fused nor fissioned

when a gamma ray is emitted by a nucleus, the nucleus then has appreciably less

neither of these

different isotopes of an element have different numbers of

neutrons

there is a greater proportion of carbon 14 in

new bones

the discreteness of energy levels is better understood by considering the electrons to be

none of these

when thorium (A=90) emits a beta particle, the resulting nucleus has atomic number

none of these (91)

an inventor proposes to equip an office with a polarized source of background music and let those who prefer not to hear it wear polarizing earplugs. his idea is

nonsense - you can't polarize a sound wave

the half-life on an isotope is one day. at the end of three days, how much of the isotope remains

one-eighth

in the double-slit experiment with electrons, the electrons arrive at the screen in a

particle-like way with a pattern that is wave-like

The phenomenon that can be explained only in terms of the particle model of light is

photoelectric effect

Which experiment best demonstrates the particle-like nature of light?

photoelectric effect

electric forces within an atomic nucleus tend to

push it apart

an excited atom decays to its ground state and emits a photon of green light. if instead the atom decays to an intermediate state, then the light emitted could be

red

Fissioning a lead nucleus yields a net

release of energy

Fusing two helium nuclei yields a net

release of energy

an electron in an excited state could give off

several photons in a series of transitions to the ground state

Compared to the wavelengths of visible light, the wavelengths of matter waves are relatively

small

Which shape uses the smallest amount of material when creating a critical mass

sphere

The quantum-mechanical probability cloud for the electron in the hydrogen atom has an average radius

that agrees with the orbital radius of Bohr

The main reason electrons occupy discrete orbits in an atom is because

the circumference of each orbit is an integral multiple of electron wavelengths

The half lives of elements beyond uranium are too short for these elements to occur in natural deposits. But elements below uranium that have equally short half lives do occur in natural deposits. This is because they are

the products of uranium decay

Compared to the diameter of a zirconium atom (A = 40), the diameter of a mercury atom (A = 80) is approximately

the same size

***ushima is

the site of several nuclear reactors in japan

light behaves primarily as a wave when it

travels from one place to another

It's impossible for a hydrogen atom to emit an alpha particle

true

The radiation curve for a "blue hot" object peaks in the

ultraviolet region

The absorption of an infrared photon that excites an atom to emit a green photon

violates the law of energy conservation

quantization of electron energy states in an atom is better understood in terms of the electron's

wave nature

when Rutherford has a stream of alpha particles hit a gold foil, most of the particles

went almost straight through

If the radiation curve for an incandescent object peaks in the green region, the object would appear

white