Chapter 29 APE
President Richard M. Nixon sought to gradually _________ America from Vietnam - "____________" of the war - give South Vietnam more responsibility - ___________ in 1973, and Congress refused to assist South Vietnam when it was invaded by the North in 1974 - Vietnam became unified under ___________ regime
Disengage; vietnamization; withdrawal; communist
Best illustrated by shift toward greater conservatism in GB, who elected Margaret Thatcher in 1979. Cut ________, reduced ________, sold off __________ enterprises, encouraged a greater reliance on private enterprise and the free market. In first 3 years, unemployment rates _________, poverty _________, strikes and riots ________. The "Iron Lady" was/is criticized for some of her policies, lauded for being ____________
Spending; taxes; government; doubled; increased; increased; anticommunist
August 1980 saw ______ break out across Poland, starting in large part with the gigantic Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk. 16,000 workers occupied the plant, and many others joined "__ _________." The strikers advanced the ideals of civil society: right to form ______ free from state ________, freedom of speech, release of political ________, and economic reforms - Government gave in to their demands in the _______ ________ - Feisty Lenin Shipyards electrician Lech Wałęsa, the wokers organized a free, democratic trade union called __________ - Grew to have a huge following, and support from _______ _________, but was very moderate - _____ defended the concessions won in the Gdansk Agreement - Threat of _______ did give them leverage in negotiations with Communist Party
Strikes; in solidarity; unions; control; prisoners; Gdansk agreement; Solidarity; Catholic Church; only; strike
Over the next year, however, East Germany was ___________ into an enlarged West Germany. Reasons: - In the 1st week after the Berlin Wall opened, almost 9 million East Germans ________ into West - W. German chancellor Helmut Kohl and his advisors skillfully _______ the historic situation. - ____-______ _____ for step-by-step unification in cooperation with E. Germany and world Promised an exchange of East German marks for West German marks - ________ ___ _________ w/ Christian Democrats overwhelmed socialist. - Unification would make Germany the ________ state in Europe, and threaten Soviet security in the process. Gorbachev agreed to approve the unification in exchange for guarantees of _______ and sizeable loans to the USSR.
Absorbed; poured; exploited; 10-point plan; Alliance for Germany; strongest; peace
Peaceful unification of Germany ____________ the pace of agreements to liquidate the Cold War. Paris, Nov 1990 = agreement to ______ down armed forces and affirm existing European borders. "Paris Accord" marked a general _______ treaty bringing to an end WW II & the Cold War September 1991, President George H. W. Bush canceled around-the-clock alert status for American bombers outfitted with atomic bombs, and Gorbachev followed suit.
Accelerated; scale; peace
By the 1970s, many of the professed goals of communism had been __________: collectivization of agriculture, nationalized business, leveled class differences, and extensive welfare benefits. E. Europe and USSR adopted the term ________ _________ to describe their accomplishments. Everyday life was an uneasy mixture of outward __________ and private _____________ - or apathy. - Communist Party dominated public life - Organizations for youth, women, workers, and sports groups - Huge ______, colorful festivals, and new holidays to expose citizens to socialist values
Achieved; developed socialism; conformity; disengagement; rallies
1967 - Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, & Syria in the Six-Day War and occupied more of the former territories of Palestine, angering Arab leaders and exacerbating _____-__________ feelings. The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - _______ - decided to present a united front against _________ ______ companies. In October 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel, called the ______ _______ ______. With the help of US weapons, Israel again achieved a quick victory. OPEC then announced an __________ on oil shipments to the US, and oil prices ___________. - Western governments did not take unified action, ______ them dearly - ________ hit many countries - worst economic ________ since the 1930s - _____________ up, ____________ down, living standards down, inflation up - ___________ - combination of low growth and high inflation - 1979 Iranian Revolution cut oil production, creating a second oil shock, and hurting chance of recovery until 1982
Anti-western; OPEC; western oil; Yom Kippur War; embargo; quadrupled; hurt; Recession; decline; unemployment; productivity; stagflation
Shortly after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev announced that the Soviets would now follow the so-called __________ ________, under which the USSR and its allies had the right to intervene __________ in an East Bloc country to preserve Communist rule. - Determination of Communist elite to maintain ______ ______ - Dissidents change their focus from trying to reform the regimes; work to build a ______ ________ that might bring internal freedoms independent of the regimes
Brezhnev Doctrine; militarily; status quo; civil society
In the early 1980s, a huge ____________ and 17.5 million-member Communist Party maintain control. Kept elites safe, but promoted widespread apathy and __________. Brezhnev died in 1982, and his successor Yuri Andropov, tried to ___________ the system. Andropov was Soviet ambassador to Hungary in 1956 when Nagy and his followers were executed, earning him the nickname "the _________ of Budapest"; also former head of KGB - Not much ___________ in revitalizing the system or the economy. He died of kidney failure in 1984. - His successor, Konstantin Chernenko, was fatally ill when he took office & died 13 mo. later
Bureaucracy; stagnation; invigorate; butcher; success
In Western Europe, the reconstruction had been overseen by the _______-_______ ___________ _____________. Stability, Cold War politics, _____-_________ economics, & welfare provisions Shift to the _____ in the 1960s as the economy expanded - Socialists made gains in Italy, __________ _______ in power in Britain, Social Dems in Germany - Exceptions - Gaullists in France, authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Greece
Center-right christian democrats; free-market; left; Labour Party
Brezhnev's USSR also faced _________ from abroad as détente _______ in the late 1970s, especially outside of Europe. Many Americans thought that the USSR was taking advantage of détente to build up its ________ might and pushing for _______ gains in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec. 1979 to save an unpopular Marxist regime ________ the West. President Jimmy Carter tried to lead NATO beyond verbal condemnation into econ. sanctions, but only Great Britain supported the American initiative. NATO took heat, w/ some saying it had lost its will to act ________. Ronald Reagan swept into office in 1980 acting as if the _______ ________ had tipped in favor of the USSR, which Reagan called the "evil empire."Increased _______ spending, built close ties with Thatcher and Kohl to coordinate military and _______ policy toward the Soviet Bloc.
Challenges; faded; military; political; alarmed; decisively; military balance; political
Stagnation encouraged small numbers of dedicated people to try to ________ society from __________. Dissenters carefully avoided _______ challenges to government leaders or try to reform the Communist Party itself, as Dubcěk had attempted in Prague in '68. Instead, they worked to build a civil society from _____ and create a realm of _______. In Czechoslovakia in 1977, a small group, including future president Václav Havel, signed a manifesto that came to be known as ________ ___. Criticized the gov't for ignoring the Helsinki Accords, censorship, and environmental policies. __________ followed, including jail time for Havel, who was also a samizdat write.
Change; below; below; freedom; Charter 77; Repression
The great postwar boom came to a _________ in the early 1970s, opening a long period of economic ___________, widespread ___________, and social dislocation. As a result, politics in Europe drifted to the ______, and leaders cut taxes and state spending and sold off (or privatized) state-owned companies.
Close; stagnation; unemployment; right
Criticism of Wałęsa's moderate leadership & economic ________ saw a ________ in the movement, & as some disgruntled members grew more _______ and violent, the Polish Communist Party _______ ________. General Wojciech Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law & _________ Solidarity's leaders in 1981. Solidarity was driven underground, but many people continued to live as if they were ______. Solidarity's challenge encouraged _____ _______and its survival showed that ordinary Poles would stubbornly struggle for greater political and religious ________.
Collapse; fracture; radical; cracked down; arrested; free; fresh thinking; liberty
End of communism in E. German raised the possibility of _________ over the future of Germany. East German reform Communists wanted to preserve socialism by making it genuinely ___________ and responsive to the needs of the people - arguing for a "_____ ______" between Stalinism and capitalism. _______ unification with West Germany in order to preserve the distinct East German _______
Conflict; democratic; third way; Feared; identity
In the postwar decades, the Communist states had achieved a shaky social _________ based on a ______ standard of living, an extensive _______ state, and political ___________. Marxist utopia ____ ____ arrive, and leaders told citizens that in the long run "_______ ________" would prove better than capitalism. However, reform movements grew and Cold War tensions returned in the 1970s and 1980s.
Consensus; rising; welfare; repression; developed socialism
The transition to a postindustrial society was led to a great extent by a new generation of ___________ political leaders, who believed they had viable solutions for ______________ relations btw state & econ. Prior consensus: economic growth and social stability came from full __________ & high _______, some government _________, and generous ________ provisions. The new conservatives of the 1980s followed a philosophy that came to be known as __________ because of its roots in the ____ _______, _____-________ policies favored by 18th century liberal economists like Adam Smith. - Key for neoliberals = increase _______ profits - Cut support for ________ services, limit business ________, stop ________ of all kinds, and privatization = sale of state-managed industries to private owners
Conservative; restructuring; employment; wages; regulation; welfare; neoliberalism; free market; laissez-faire; private; social; subsidies; regulation
In 1989, Gorbachev's plan to reform communism snowballed out of ________. A series of powerful ________ swept Eastern Europe, overturning Communist regimes, and bringing an end to the Soviet Union and the _____ _____.
Control; revolutions; Cold War
Youthful, affluent ___________ came of age in the mid-1960s - "Sixties generation" angrily criticized the comforts of a prosperous society & challenged the ______ _______ - Critiqued the general __________ of consumer society and unequal distribution of _______ in capitalism - In the 1960s, they had the ___________ to see social justice problems and freedom to ____ on concerns - Inspired by the American ____ _______ movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s. - Student leaders take on entrenched power structures - civil disobedience
Counterculture; status quo; conformity; wealth; education; act; civil rights
Feb. 1990, Communist Party suffered a stunning ________ in local elections throughout the country. Democrats and anticommunists won clear ________ in the leading cities of the Russian Soviet Republic (SFSR), the largest republic of the Soviet Union. Moreover, in Lithuania the people elected an uncompromising _________ - Vytautas Landsbergis - as president, and the newly chosen parliament declared Lithuania an ________ state. Gorbachev responded with economic embargo, but ___ Soviet troops
Defeat; majority; nationality; independent; no
Second Vatican Council tried to __________ and renew the Catholic Church and broaden its appeal. New __________ in Catholic theology, use of _________ in Mass to replace Latin. Family ties also ___________ as men and women married later, nuclear family became smaller and more mobile, and ________ rates rose
Democratize; openness; vernacular; weakened; divorce
Gorbachev was now opposed by __________, nationalists, and the _________ old guard. In August 1991, a gang of hardliners __________ him and attempted a coup d'état. Massive popular resistance rallied around Yeltsin, who defiantly _________ the rebels from atop a stalled tank in central Moscow and declared the "______ ____ ________." Gorbachev was returned to power as head of USSR, and the army supported Yeltsin
Democrats; communist; kidnapped; denounced; rebirth of russia
Recognizing that the overwhelming emphasis on heavy industry was generating popular __________, planning commissions began to redirect resources to the __________ _______ w/ varying results. In the 1960s Communist regimes also cautiously granted cultural __________ - _________ __________ - conference of writers, officials, and workers. East German regime encouraged intellectuals to be critical of life in East Bloc, as long as not directly opposed - Christa Wolf's novel Divided Heaven is an example of new genre of literature - Cultural ____________ only went so far. The most outspoken dissidents were ________ and forced to emigrate to the West. Other critics contributed to the rise of an underground samizdat literature - "____-___________" - done in secret and passed hand to hand by dissident readers
Discontent; consumer sector; freedoms; Bitterfeld Movement; openness; self-published
Gorbachev further __________ himself from Communist hardliners by asking Soviet citizens to ratify a new ___________ abolishing the Communist Party's ___________ of political power and expanding the power of the Congress of People's Deputies. He then convinced deputies to elect him president. Despite his victory, Gorbachev's power continued to _______, and his unwillingness to risk a universal _________ election strengthened his great rival, Boris Yeltsin, a radical reform Communist. In May 1990, Yeltsin was elected parliamentary leader of the Russian Soviet Republic. He boldly announced that Russia would put its interests first and declare ______________ from the USSR. Gorbachev tried to save the USSR w/ a plan to link member states in a looser, freely accepted confederation, but it was rejected by 6 out of 15 Soviet republics.
Distanced; constitution; monopoly; erode; suffrage; independence
____________ - progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the 1970s, and would continue to pop up intermittently throughout the rest of the Cold War - Examples: US & USSR limited the testing and proliferation of _______ ________, and organized a _______ space mission - 1975 Helsinki Accords: 35 nations agreed that Europe's political frontiers could not be ___________ ___ _______, guarantees on civil rights & political freedoms of their citizens - East Bloc gov'ts still violated _______ _______, but this gave dissidents encouragement and an ___________ __________ to point to in their arguments
Détente; nuclear weapons; joint; changed by force; human rights; international agreement
______________ had its roots in the 1960s counterculture. US biologist Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring also influenced many European environmental groups. _____________ had brought environmental costs that were quite apparent in the 1970s and 1980s. Oil spills, accidents and nuclear plants like 3 Mile Island in PA (1979) and Chernobyl (1986)
Environmentalism; Indistrialism
Most striking temporary _________ to the general drift to the right was François Mitterrand of France. - Socialist Party shifted country to the _____ for first time in 25 years. - _____________ and public investment policies ________, and the Socialists made an about-face. Despite persistent economic _______ and high social costs, by 1990 the developed nations of Western Europe and North America were far more ________ than they had been in the early 1970s. Western Europe was at the center of the emerging ________ economy, and its citizens were far ________ than those in the Soviet Bloc.
Exception; left; nationalization; failed; crises; productive; global; richer
Mainstream European politicians also faced challenges from newly assertive ___-______ political forces. Right-wing parties such as the National Front in France, the Northern League in Italy, the Austrian Freedom Party, and the National Democratic Party in W. Germany gained ___________. Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of the National Front, opposed European _________ and called for a return to traditional ________ customs, often at the expense of ___-_________ immigrants. New right-wing politicians promoted themselves as the champions of ordinary (white) workers, complaining that immigrants swelled _______ rolls and _____ _____ from native-born Europeans.
Far-right; popularity; integration; national; non-European; welfare; stole jobs
The 1970s marked the arrival of a diverse and widespread ________ movement devoted to securing gender equality and promoting the general interests of women. Three basic reasons accounted for this dramatic development: - Changes in patterns of _____________ and ______ ________ created novel conditions and new demands - Vanguard of feminist intellectuals ___________ women to challenge the ______ _______ - Lessons from civil rights and antiwar __________ - must _____ ________ to influence politics
Feminist; motherhood; paid work; stimulated; status quo; protests; band together
Poland was never ____ _________ by the Communists as seen elsewhere - Exception to the ______________ rule for agriculture, and the Catholic Church thrived - 1970s brought terrible economic ________, and an increasingly restive population - Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, archbishop of Kraków, was elected pope in 1978 as John Paul II - Returned to Poland in '79 and preached love of Christ and country and the "_________ _______ of man" that electrified the Polish nation
Fully dominated; collectivization rule; recession; unalienable rights
Environmentalists had two main agendas: - Worked to lessen the ____ ________ of unbridled industrial development on nature - Argued that local environmental problems increased human ________, inequality, & _________ Tactics: mass media, working with politicians, activism - New institutions such as __________, an international nongovernmental organization (NGO), or the founding of the ______ ________ in West Germany
Ill effects; poverty; violence; Greenpeace; Green Party
Influential French writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir analyzed the position of women within the framework existential thought in such works as The Second Sex. - Argued that women had almost always been trapped by ____________ and __________ conditions. - Only through ____________ action and ____-_________ creativity could a woman become a completely free person and escape the role of the inferior "______" as constructed by men. In the US, writer and organizer Betty Friedan wrote the pathbreaking study The Feminine Mystique - Called attention to the stifling aspects of women's ________ life, saying they lived in a "gilded cage" and not allowed to become _______ _______ or genuine _______ _______. - Helped found the ________ ____________ ___ __________ (NOW) to press for women's rights. NOW and many women's organizations in Europe pushed for equal _____ for equal ______, _______ leave, laws against ___________ in the workplace, and affordable ______ for working mothers. - Additionally, the sought legalized _______, right to ______, and protection from _____ and physical abuse in various countries.
Inflexible; limiting; courageous; self-assertive; other; domestic; mature adults; human beings; National Organization for Women; pay; work; maternal; discrimination; daycare; abortions; divorce; rape
East Bloc countries clearly _________ behind those of the West, exposing the _________ of central planning. To address these problems, Communist gov'ts implemented cautious forms of ________________ and ________ _________ policies. Hungary's New Economic Mechanism broke up state _______________, encouraged some private enterprises and agriculture and was perhaps most successful. East Germany's New Economic System also brought moderate success, but was ____________ in the late 1960s
Lagged; weakness; decentralization; limited market; monopolies; reversed
Solidarity and the Polish people led the way with a 1988 widespread ______. In negotiations, Solidarity earned _____ ______ and free _________ for a large minority of representatives in the Polish parliament. Solidarity candidates won all but ____ of the contested seats. Lech Wałęsa secured the allegiance of 2 minor pro-communist parties that had been part of the coalition government after WW II. In August 1989, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, editor of a Solidarity newspaper, was sworn in as Poland's new ________ prime minister. - Political changes came step-by-step, as to avoid ________ with the army or USSR - Economic changes were ________ from the beginning: free market and private property
Legal status; elections; one; noncommunist; conflict; radical
Hungary followed - longtime Communist boss János Kádár, the father of "Goulash Communism" had permitted __________ in exchange for political __________ following the 1956 uprising in Budapest. In May 1988 the party replaced Kádár with a reform-minded Communist, but opposition groups ________ piecemeal progress. In summer 1989, the party agreed to hold free _________. Hungarian Communists now had some popular support, and they believed they could _____ the opposition in the upcoming elections. In an effort to bolster support at home, Hungary opened their ________ with E. Germany and tore down barbed wire curtain separating Hungary from Austria. - Tens of thousands of E. German "_________" left for W. Germany this way - This sparked a spontaneous _______ movement in East Germany - East German government desperately opened the _______ _____ in Nov. 1989 - New, reformist government took power and scheduled free _______
Liberalization; obedience; rejected; elections; defeat; border; vacationers; protest; Berlin Wall; elections
One of the most famous and perhaps far-reaching revolts occurred in France = "______ ______" - Student protests coincided with a general ______ that brought the Fr. economy to a _______ - Demonstrations triggered a national ______ - 10 million workers on strike, and protesters occupied factories. - French Fifth Republic on the verge of _______ & President Charles de Gaulle called for ______ - In the end, the goals of radical _________ did not correspond with the bread-and-butter demands of the __________ - When the government promised workplace reforms, including pay raises, the strikers returned to work. - De Gaulle's ___________ _______ won 75% of Parliamentary seats in a new election May Events marked the high point of the ________________ movement; the movement declined in 1970s - Others turned to ________ and ________ - American Weather Underground, Italian Red Brigades, W. German Red Army Faction
May events; strike; standstill; collapse; troops; students; workers; Conservative party; counter cultural; violence and terrorism
Collapse of the international ___________ system, which since 1945 had been based on the _____ _______. The US had spent billions on foreign ____ and ____, weakening the value of the currency. In 1971, President Nixon attempted to reverse this trend by abruptly _________ the exchange of US currency for gold, but the value of the dollar ____ sharply, & ___________ accelerated worldwide. Even more damaging to the global econ was the dramatic reversal in the price & availability of ________. Cheap oil from the Middle East had fueled postwar boom, and the West relied on an increasingly __________ region
Monetary; US dollar; aid and wars; stripped; fell; inflation; energy; turbulent
___ ______ - 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western __________ and Soviet-style ___________. - The aims of the multidimensional, heterogeneous New Left movement were more economic ________ and freer, more ___________ societies - Humanitarian style of socialism to avoid the _______ of capitalism and Soviet communism - New lifestyle rebellion appealed to many: "the personal is political." - _______ revolution - more openness about sexuality, birth control pill introduced - Challenges to traditional _______ regarding drugs - Rock music - Beatles, Rolling Stones, and other bands reflected ______ attitudes
New left; capitalism; communism; justice; tolerant; worst; sexual; morals; youth
Citizens in the East Bloc also questioned ___-_______ rule for reasons outside of economics. The best career and educational opportunities reserved for ______ ________ or political favors. Talented people remained underemployed and ___________. Tight controls on ______ continually called attention to _______ in daily life. State police ______ or exiled dissidents, even those who wanted to reform from within, leading many to doubt the __________ of Soviet-style communism to fulfill Marx' vision
One-party; party members; resentful; travel; repression; jailed; legitimacy
American involvement in Vietnam had sparked worldwide ___________ and New Left activists accused the US of waging an _______ and __________ war against a small and heroic people. Protests against the war expanded to include support for colonial independence, end to nuclear arms race and call for world ______.
Opposition; immoral; imperialistic; peace
An anticommunist revolution swept Russia as Yeltsin & his supporters _________ the Communist Party and confiscated its property. Yeltsin and his allied declared Russia independent and withdrew from the Soviet Union, changing the country's name to the ________ _________. All the other Soviet republics left as well. Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991, and the next the day the Supreme Soviet ________ itself. The republics then established a loose confederation, the ___________ __ ________ __________, which played only a minor role in the 1990s.
Outlawed; Russian Federation; dissolved; Commonwealth of Independent States
In Czechoslovakia Communist rule began to dissolve __________ in Nov-Dec 1989 in ______ _________. Popular demonstrations led by students, intellectuals (including writer Vaclav Havel) took control of the streets, forcing the Communist government to ______, and Havel elected Prez. In Romania, popular revolution turned _______ and ________. Dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu ordered his ruthless security forces to quell unrest, sparking an ______ ______. After the dictator and his wife were captured and executed by a military court, Ceauşescu's forces were defeated, and a ________ government emerged.
Peacefully; Velvet Revolution; resign; violent and bloody; armed uprising; coalition
__________ ___________ erupted in 1968 in a series of protests and riots that circled the globe. - African-Americans rioted across the US after the ____________ of Martin Luther King, Jr. - Young protesters in Mexico City for political reform _______ by police. - Students in Tokyo marched against the Vietnam War. Protests in Berlin, London, Warsaw too
Political activism; assassination; killed
_______ ________ of 1968 exhibited the desire for political _________ in addition to economic restructuring. Reform elements in the Czechoslovak Communist Party gained a majority and voted out the long-time Stalinist leader in favor of Alexander Dubcěk, whose regime launched reforms. Dubcěk & allies were dedicated Communists, but believed they could reconcile genuine socialism with personal ___________ and party _________ - "socialism with a _________ ______" - Relaxed state __________ - Local econ. decisions by ______ ________, consumers, and workers' councils instead of rigid bureaucratic planners
Prague spring; liberty; freedom; democracy; human face; censorship; trade unions
The __________ ______ ________ _______ (IRA), a paramilitary organization in Northern Ireland used similar tactics. Though Ireland won autonomy in 1922, Britain retained _________ of 6 counties in the north of the island that were primarily Protestant. In the late 1960s violence re-emerged as the IRA attacked British security forces, which it saw as an occupying army. On ______ ________ in January 1972, British soldiers killed 13 demonstrators who had been protesting anti-Catholic discrimination in the town of Derry, and the violence escalated. For the next 30 years, the IRA attacked soldiers and civilians in N. Ireland and Britain. Over 2,000 British soldiers, civilians, and IRA members were killed in "_____ _________" before a peace settlement was reached in 1998 - the _______ _________Agreement.
Provisional Irish Republican Army; control; Bloody Sunday; The Troubles; Good Friday
___________ of Cold War tensions in Europe, though it continued to rage outside of the _____________. Willy Brandt, Social Democratic chancellor of West Germany took the lead. - Treaty of _____________ in Poland in 1970, apologies at the Warsaw Ghetto memorial - _________ - "Eastern policy" - attempt to east diplomatic tensions with E. Germany
Relaxations; continent; reconciliation; Ostpolitik
1970s also saw the rise of determined ____________ movements across Europe. Regional ethnic groups struggled for special ________, political _______, and even national independence. In the ethnic Basque region of northern Spain, the ETA (__________ _________ ___ ___________) tried to use bombings and ______________ to force the government to grant independence. After the death of Fascist dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, the Basque region was granted special autonomy in a new __________, but it was not enough. ETA stepped up its terrorist campaigns.
Separatist; rights; autonomy; Basque Homeland and Freedom; assassinations; constitution
Living standards in the East Bloc were well above the developing world but well below those in the West. Central planning continued to lead to _________, poor quality, & lack of choice for basic ________. Official state policy guaranteed equal rights for ________ and encouraged them to join the workforce, yet women rarely made it to the ________ ________ of business or politics. Independent feminist groups _____ _____ form, meet, or demonstrate as they could in the West.
Shortages; goods; women; upper ranks; could not
_______ _________ also reform at home - Increased state spending on public services to ease ___________ inherent to a competitive market economy - health care, education, public housing, old-age insurance all _____ _______ - Such services made up around 40% of GDP in some countries—paid for by ______ _______ - Center-right parties did not mind paying, so long as the economy ______________...
Social Democrats; inequalities; more funded; high taxes; prospered
Rapid ______ _________ across Western Europe in the 1960s. - Higher _________, expanding _________ class, consumer revolution, "age of _________" - Limits: working class and ___________, underdeveloped regions ___ _______ - More money to spend on ________ time and recreational pursuits - Blossoming of mass _____ and tourism - Household appliances, televisions, supermarkets brought a new way of _____ - Critics of social change decried the bland __________ of regional and national traditions, sapping of creativity and __________, a new Americanized Europe - Decline in ________ membership and regular attendance
Social changes; wages; middle class; affluence; immigrants; lag behind; leisure; travel; conformity; individualism; church
In the US, two-term president Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) followed a similar path. - "Government is not the ________ to our problem, government is the _________" - Cut _____, but was not able to cut _______, especially on the _________ and welfare benefits, which soared during the early 1980s recession West Germany also turned to the right, electing ________ _________ Helmut Kohl as chancellor in 1982. - Cut _____ and ____________ spending, which led to increasing __________, but also economic ______ - by the mid-1980s, West Germany was one of the most prosperous nations - Close ties with President Reagan in foreign policy, and would remain in power to preside over the fall of the ______ ______, reunification of East and West Germany, and end of the Cold War.
Solution; problem; taxes; spending; military; Christian democrat; taxes and government; growth; Berlin Wall
The European Common Market _________ and attracted ______ ________: England, Ireland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, and Greece joined in the 1970s and 80s. Europe faced stiff ____________ from "tiger economies" of Singapore, S. Korea, and especially Japan. Relatively ____ _______ costs in Asian countries shifted manufacturing jobs ______ from the West. Western Europe could not replace lost jobs ____ _____ as the base of the economy shifted to ____-_____ ________ industries and services such as medicine, banking, and finance. - Arrival of the "______ _______" or __________ ______ with production becoming more streamlined and replacing workers with machines and computers. - Emergence of "_____ _____" - formerly prosperous industrial areas now _____ ______ w/ vacant lots, idle machinery, & empty inner cities: Ruhr district, Birmingham GB, Detroit - _____ _____ of late 70s captured the mood of hostility & cynicism as unemployment rose - Governments spent more on _____ _______, but people resisted higher _____, so budget _______ rose with inflation - Powerful reaction against government's ever-increasing role had set in by the late 1970s that would transform governance in the 1980s.
Survives; new members; competition; low labor; away; high-tech information; Information Age; postindustrial society; rust belts; ghost towns; punk rock; social needs; taxes; deficit
The Cold War was over, and its demise capped _____ _________ of turbulent historical change - from the 1960s ___________, & the 1970s ________ ________, to the 1980s ___________ and end of the _______. All of Europe would now have the opportunity to enter the __________ age. __________ government and market economies became the common European creed. A new era had begun, full of its own hopes, successes, problems, and tragedies.
Three decades; counterculture; global recession; neoliberalism; information; democratic
Life was fairly comfortable, but deeply rooted structural problems ______________ popular support for Soviet-style communism. A move to Western-style postindustrial society would have required ___________ change. Would have lost support of __________ workers they claimed to champion in the East. E. Bloc regimes _________ to cut spending on the welfare state, 1 of their proudest achievements. State continued to provide ____________ to heavy industries, such as steel and mining - High-tech industries failed to ____ ____ in Communist Europe, in part because the West had embargoes on technology exports. - Industrial goods became increasingly ____________ in the new global system - Eastern gov'ts borrowed massive amounts of hard currency from Western banks and gov'ts, setting up a cycle of ________________ that helped bring down the system in 1989.
Undermined; fundamental; refused; industrial; take off; uncompetitive; indebtedness
Counterculture movement closely linked to the escalation of the _________ _______. American involvement was a product of Cold War policy of ___________. When South Vietnam declined to hold _____ __________ that would unify the two zones, the US under President Eisenhower provided ______ _____ to combat guerrilla insurgents = Vietcong. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson greatly expanded US role in the conflict, but never invaded the north or set up a naval blockade. Strategy of ______ _________ backfired. As _________ __________ scenes from the war nightly, support for the conflict began to waver and an ________ movement emerged. Student protesters, socialists, New Left intellectuals, pacifists all joined in. The Vietcong's _____ _________ in January 1968 failed militarily to take territory, but succeeded in showing Americans that the fight was not close to over. Protesting in US _________, and LBJ announced he would not seek reelection
Vietnam War; containment; free elections; military aid; limited warfare; television broadcast; antiwar; Tet Offensive; increased
The emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 brought the most __________ Soviet leader in a generation. First Party leader to be born after the Bolshevik Revolution. Believed in ____________, but realized that the USSR was ______ to keep pace with the West. Tried to revitalize the Soviet system with fundamental reforms. - Attacked __________ and _________ in the bureaucracy - __________ - economic restructuring, easing of price controls, creation of some profit-seeking private enterprise. Did not go well, as being halfway between central planning and free market led to more shortages and economic stagnation - __________ - openness of public discourse from the government and media - __________________ - attack on corruption led to first free elections in the USSR since '17. Communist Party remained in control, but minority of critical independents was elected in April 1989 to the Congress of People's Deputies. Open debates in the Congress and ignited demands for greater political and cultural ___________ and even national ______________. Sought to reduce East-West ___________ and withdrew from Afghanistan, halted ______ ________, retracted Brezhnev Doctrine
Vigorous; communism; failing; corruption and incompetence; perestroika; glasnost; democratization; autonomy; independence; tentations; arms race
Constantly proclaimed loyalty to the _______ ________, but still the reforms threatened hard-line Communists, who feared a liberalized Czechoslovakia would be drawn to _________ or NATO. - East Bloc leadership launched a campaign of ___________ against the reformers, and 500,000 Soviet & East Bloc troops occupied Czechoslovakia. Leaders _____________ to Soviet demands and reform program was ___________
Warsaw Pact; neutrality; intimidation; surrender; abandoned
While the revolutions of 1989 surprised many, long-standing, structural __________ had made the revolts somewhat ___________. East Bloc countries never really ____________ from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s. Massive spending and indebtedness _________ economic growth. Limits on personal and political ___________ fueled a growing sense of injustice
Weaknesses; inevitable; recovered; undermined; freedoms
