Chapter 2a

Francine has tried everything to relieve her back pain, from changing her sleeping positions to prescription pain relief. She recently started acupuncture and has noticed that it relieves her symptoms. The positive effects of acupuncture are likely due to the release of _____, which is said to be 100 times more potent than morphine.

endorphins

Naturally occurring opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called:

endorphins

When a cell is at rest:

enough positively charged sodium ions are kept outside of the cell to maintain a slightly negative charge inside

Terry is riding her bicycle across a crosswalk when she notices a car racing toward her. Realizing that the car is not going to stop, Terry hits her brakes just in time. Her heart is racing and it takes her about 15 minutes to fully recover from the experience. This response system demonstrates the importance of the hormones ______ and ______ in the nervous system.

epinephrine; norepinephrine

Manny has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His psychologist believes that Manny's hallucinations and perceptual distortions may be caused, in part, by _____ amounts of the neurotransmitter

excessive; dopamine

Parkinson's disease is most notably marked by:

loss of muscle control

Drugs or chemicals can:

1. be used to cure a whole variety of clinical disorders by playing a role at the synaptic level 2. inhibit the transmission of information from neuron to another 3. facilitate the transmission of information from one neuron to another

T/F: the neural communication process usually begins when an axon receives signals from other nearby neurons.

False

T/F: when the message reaches an axon terminal, an electrical impulse travels across the synaptic gap and stimulates the next neuron

False

In an effort to relax after a stress-filled week, Joanne had a couple of glasses of wine, and her coworker Jim took a Valium. Both alcohol and Valium work by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter _________, which inhibits action potentials and slows brain activity.

GABA

what is an example of a spinal reflex

Touching a hot stove and you immediately pull your hand away

T/F: Excitatory signals make it more likely that a neuron will generate its own electrical impulse.

True

T/F: inhibitory signals can block the effects off excitatory signals, reducing the likelihood that the neurons will fire.

True

The part of the neuron that receives input from other neurons is the:

dendrites

Which part of the cerebral cortex deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment-- the qualities that make us most human?

frontal lobe

The area of one's brain that consists of grey matter is really made up of ___ while the white matter consists of ____.

glial cells, neurons cell bodies and unmyelinated axons; axons with myelinated sheaths

In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating:

growth

The relationship between the receptor site on a neuron and the neurotransmitter can best be characterized as similar to that between a

lock and key

After a police car with flashing lights and a blaring siren passes him and pulls over another driver for speeding, Jerry's heartbeat soon slows down, his blood pressure decreases, and he stops sweating so much. These calming physical reactions are MOST directly regulated by his ________ nervous system. A woman is startled awake in the middle of the night by a loud noise. It turns out the noise was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly her _____________ nervous system has been activated.

parasympathetic

Which structure is conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system?

pituitary gland

The peripheral nervous system includes _____, which carry/carries messages from the body to the central nervous system.

sensory neurons

Hannah is suffering from depression and has received a prescription for an anti-depressant. It is likely that she needs more of the neurotransmitter known as:

serotonin

Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are

slower to arrive and longer lasting.

Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is....

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion?

Our reflexes such as pulling hand away from a flame, are governed by the ___, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the:

spinal cord; hindbrain

if we were to compare the autonomic nervous system with a car we would say that the _____ nervous system functions like a car's accelerator and the ______ nervous system functions like a car's brake

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Devan is studying for his midterm and is quizzing himself on the topic of neurons. He is trying to figure out the name for that "tiny space" where neurons connect. You tell him that he is correct if he guesses the

synaptic gap

Olu is hiking in the woods when he comes across a bear. what part of the nervous system is coordinating his body as he decides whether he should run away from the bear or stay still?

the sympathetic nervous system

Andrea is receiving her notes and sees a list that includes "sensory, motor, and interneurons." The accurate heading of this list is:

types of neurons

At times, the medication that Dale received for Parkinson's disease produced:

uncontrollable, wild movement