chapter 3
Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were A slaves B free peasants C serfs D sharecroppers E indentured servants
B
The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A The interaction of humans and the environment B The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions C Competition between traditional elites and the wealthy urban class for control of cultural traditions D The spread of missionary religions over global trade networks
B
The decree best represents which of the following continuities in Ottoman government? A The tradition of parliamentary government B The influence of Enlightenment ideas C The use of Islam to legitimize government policies D The tradition of separation of church and state
C
The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following? A Emergence of capitalist economies B Expansion of coercive labor systems C Creation of a global trade network D Cultural syncretism
D
Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire's territorial expansion in South Asia? A The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons B The Mughals' adoption of Sikhism C The Mughals' friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet D The Mughal emperors' claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan
A
From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? A To display power and legitimize their rule B To spend excess money collected in taxes C To encourage tourism and pilgrimages D To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists
A
The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? A The collection of tribute B Establishment of religious uniformity C Abolition of feudal privileges D The granting of autonomy to minority groups
A
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the offici
A
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state relig
A
Which of the following are the states that dominated the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth century? A Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire B The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire C Spain and Portugal D The Hapsburg Empire and France
A
Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A Developing professional militaries B Promoting free trade C Adopting the religious practices of minority groups D Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequaliti
A
Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A Developing professional militaries B Promoting free trade C Adopting the religious practices of minority groups D Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities
A
The mosaic depicts the emperor and empress of the Byzantine Empire presenting the enthroned Jesus of Nazareth with gifts. Which of the following most directly led to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the fifteenth century? A The expansion of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates B The expansion of the Ottoman Empire C The expansion of the Mongol Empire D The expansion of Crusading activities in the Me
B
"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above? A The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. B Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. C Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy. D The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.
B
A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land B had become corrupted by power C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism D had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
B
Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above? A The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. B The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. C The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. D The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.
B
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas
B
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.
B
Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? A Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy B An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves C The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government D Continual military campaigns against European armies
C
Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany B the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents
C
Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? A Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. B Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. C Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. D Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.
C
Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army B The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology D The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades
C
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims. B Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies. C Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. D Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and
C
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. B Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. D Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. E Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.
C
Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above? A Disease diffusion B World climate changes C Westernization D Democratization
C
A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical te
D
Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? A The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy B The creation of overseas colonial holdings C Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues D An extensive governmental bureaucracy
D
Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of
D
Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.
D