Chapter 3

The "ventral route" is also known as the:

"what" route

If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____.

Alzheimer's disease

A stroke patient speaks in short, inarticulate but meaningful phrases such as "Weather hot" and "Dog bite man." This person is probably suffering from ____.

Broca's aphasia

ERPs are constructed by averaging the time-locked portions of which measure?

EEG

A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an ____.

IPSP

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

It has tightly packed receptors.

Which theory states that bodily responses precede conscious thoughts about how you feel and why you feel that way?

James-Lange

A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.

Morris water maze

Oscar is participating in a research study where he reports the color of the ink (eg., "blue") instead of reading the word written (eg., "red"). He is performing the _____ task and finds that he must not let his mind wander at all to get it right.

Stroop effect

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder caused by _____.

a dominant gene on chromosome 4

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called ____.

a reflex arc

An inability to perceive visual movement is called:

akinetopsia

What is the intensity of a sound wave called?

amplitude

Alzheimer's leads to the accumulation of ____ in the brain.

amyloid deposits

The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

anterograde

What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons?

astrocytes

The general function of working memory is to ____.

attend to and operate on current information

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.

basal ganglia

Water, oxygen, and ____ freely flow across a cell membrane.

carbon dioxide

The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that ____.

certain required chemicals must be actively transported

What does fMRI directly measure?

concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood

Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the ____.

conditioned stimulus

A hormone is a chemical that is ____.

conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

A split-brain patient is someone who has had their ___.

corpus callosum severed

The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called _____.

dendrites

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the ____.

dorsal root ganglia

Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson's disease in cases that involve ____.

early onset of the disease

A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to ____.

enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly

Which type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus?

episodic memory

In instrumental conditioning, punishment is a(n) ____.

event that decreases the future probability of a response

Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____.

explicit memory

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.

frequency

Which is more anterior

frontal lobe

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

ganglion cells

Cortical blindness restricted to one half of the visual field (associated with damage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere) is known as:

hemianopia

Jeramy's cat always purrs when she eats her food. Each day, Jeramy would use the can opener to open the cat food and after a while, he found that his cat would purr each time he used the can opener even if he didn't give her food. What happened?

his cat learned via classical conditioning.

An ontogenetic explanation focuses on which of the following:

how a behavior develops

What occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?

hyperpolarization

If something in a complex scene changes slowly, or changes while you blink your eyes, you probably will not notice it unless you are paying attention to the particular item that changes. This phenomenon is called ____.

inattentional blindness

Georgette only remembers a small amount of what happened in her first few years of life. She has _____.

infant amnesia

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and greatest sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

inferior temporal cortex

What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?

inhibitory synapse

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.

into; into

The main pathway from the eyes to the primary visual cortex (V1) goes via which structure?

lateral geniculate nucleus

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?

lateral inhibition

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.

left eye

In most humans, control of language is centered in the ___.

left hemisphere

A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the ____.

left side of the body

Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced ____.

little apparent effect

What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?

loudness and timing

TMS involves applying which of the following across the skull with a stimulating coil?

magnetic fields

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____.

mechanical displacement

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called ____.

meninges

Dualism is the belief that

mind and body are different in substance

Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

mirror

Bert would use his striatum when learning information that .

needs to be integrated over many trials

The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are _____.

neurons and glia

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.

object agnosia

Kimiko has been diagnosed with cortical blindness. She has had damage to her _____.

occipital cortex

When the potential across a membrane reaches threshold, the sodium channels ____.

open to let sodium enter the cell rapidly

An inability to accurately reach towards objects under visual guidance is termed:

optic ataxia

Which is more medial

optic chiasm

Deliberate, top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the prefrontal cortex and the ____.

parietal cortex

Which is more ventral

parietal lobe

The "binding problem" is the issue of how we ____.

perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?

pitch gets higher

What term describes the difference in voltage that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron?

potential

The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____.

precise timing

One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task.

procedural; explicit

Brittanie has had damage to the dorsal stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____.

reaching out to grasp an object

The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.

readiness potential

The region of space that elicits a response from a given neuron is known as the:

receptive field

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____.

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

Color constancy is the ability to ____.

recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.

recognizing faces

The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the ____.

refractory period

A sensory map coded relative to the position of eye gaze is called:

retinocentric

Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

retrograde

The left hemisphere is connected to skin receptors mainly on the ____ half of the body, and controls muscles mainly on the ____ side of the body.

right; right

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

rods and cones; bipolar cells

People with damage in the anterior temporal cortex suffer ____.

semantic dementia

Kelli has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She likely is showing better memory for _____.

skills than facts

People with right-hemisphere damage have particular trouble with tasks that require ____.

spatial processing

In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?

sympathetic

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as ____.

temporal summation

In the phenomenon of binocular rivalry, when one eye sees one pattern and the other eye sees another, what do you perceive?

temporary alternation between one pattern and the other

Which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus

Professor Windell is lecturing about the resting potential of neurons. He will tell his class that the resting potential is advantageous because _____.

the cell is ready to produce an action potential quickly following a stimulus

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?

the contralateral side

Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____.

the physical representation of learning

What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?

they both connect the two hemispheres.

A rat has to run on a treadmill for 20 seconds to get a reward. While running, certain hippocampal neurons called ____ will be active at particular times during the 20 seconds so the rat can keep track.

time cells

After one frog's heart has been stimulated, an extract of fluid from that heart can make a second frog's heart beat faster. What conclusion did Otto Loewi draw from these results?

transmission at synapses is a chemical event

Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty ____.

understanding speech

Which task are split-brain patients likely to perform better than other people?

using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes