Chapter 3
Cognitive neuroscience is most directly concerned with studying A) selective attention and accidents. B) evolution and natural selection. C) selective attention and daydreams. D) brain activity and thought processes.
D
Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. A) less; novel B) more; familiar C) less; familiar D) more; novel
D
Conscious experience arises from A) parallel processing. B) inattentional blindness. C) popout. D) synchronized activity across the brain.
D
Crashes and near-crashes have been observed to ________ when teen drivers are reaching for a cell phone and to ________ when they are dialing a cell phone. A) neither increase nor decrease; neither increase nor decrease B) neither increase nor decrease; increase C) increase; neither increase nor decrease D) increase; increase
D
During sleep, memories stored in the ________ are moved to permanent storage in areas of the cortex. A) thalamus B) suprachiasmatic nucleus C) amygdala D) hippocampus
D
Abigail has been prescribed a drug to help her sleep. This drug depresses activity in her nervous system. She was likely prescribed a(n)A) barbiturate.B) opiate. C) stimulant.D) amphetamine.
A
According to Freud, the dreams of adults can be traced back to A) erotic wishes. B) stressful life events. C) biological needs for brain stimulation. D) random bursts of neural activity.
A
After two years of regularly smoking cigarettes, Lynette is preparing to quit. Which of the following symptoms of nicotine withdrawal is she most likely to experience when she first discontinues smoking? A) anxiety B) drowsiness C) diminished appetite D) insensitivity to pain
A
Children who suffer night terrors typically A) fail to recall these episodes the next day. B) experience greater-than-average amounts of slow-wave sleep. C) have dreams that they are suffocating or drowning. D) require prescription drugs to recover from this condition.
A
Depressants are drugs that A) calm neural activity and slow body functions. B) excite neural activity and speed up body functions. C) depress neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety. D) stimulate the central nervous system.
A
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly fell asleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from A) narcolepsy. B) insomnia. C) sleep apnea. D) REM rebound.
A
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. A) manifest B) paradoxical C) hypnagogic D) circadian
A
It is difficult to resist food temptations when sleep deprived because A) the cortical responses that help us resist temptation decrease. B) the production of cortisol increases. C) the production of ghrelin increases. D) the production of ghrelin decreases
A
Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) night terrors. D) insomnia.
A
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. A) REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep B) delta waves; alpha waves C) NREM-3 sleep; NREM-1 sleep D) NREM-1 sleep; REM sleep
A
REM sleep is A) reduced by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills. B) increased by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills. C) reduced by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills. D) increased by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills.
A
Repeated use of an opiate A) decreases the brain's production of endorphins. B) increases heart and breathing rates. C) is not associated with any serious withdrawal symptoms. D) triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.
A
Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol. A) stimulates; increasing B) inhibits; increasing C) stimulates; decreasing D) inhibits; decreasing
A
Smokers with ________ levels of nicotine tolerance are likely to suffer the most severe withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue smoking. A) high B) moderate C) low D) high or low
A
Stimulants ________ appetite and ________ self-confidence. A) decrease; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) increase; increase D) decrease; decrease
A
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. A) marijuana; hallucinogen B) marijuana; stimulant C) cocaine; stimulant D) cocaine; hallucinogen
A
Three hours after she goes to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is A) dreaming. B) emitting delta waves. C) about to sleepwalk. D) experiencing a night terror.
A
Under the influence of alcohol, angered people are ________ likely to be aggressive than they would otherwise be and restaurant patrons are ________ likely to tip generously than they otherwise would. A) more; more B) less; less C) more; less D) less; more
A
Which of the following animals tend to sleep the least? A) giraffes B) dolphins C) catsD) bats
A
Which of the following is a psychedelic drug? A) LSD B) cocaine C) heroin D) nicotine
A
Which of the following is a stimulant drug whose aftereffects may include seizures, depression, and occasional violent outbursts?A) methamphetamineB) heroin C) marijuana D) LSD
A
Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia? A) Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime. B) Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime. C) Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just before bedtime. D) Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly before bedtime.
A
Which of the following is true in relation to serotonin and Ecstasy? A) Ecstasy interferes with serotonin's control of the circadian clock. B) Ecstasy encourages the reuptake of serotonin. C) Ecstasy doubles the reuptake of serotonin. D) Ecstasy use promotes serotonin's control of the circadian clock.
A
Which of the following poses the greatest risk of an accident while driving? A) sending text messages B) talking on a cell phone C) listening to the car radio D) talking with others in the vehicle
A
Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to A) gain social acceptance. B) develop drug tolerance. C) reduce their mental alertness. D) reduce their blood pressure.
A
A drug that leads people to behave impulsively and to lack normal restraint or self-control is said to act as a(n)A) hallucinogen.B) disinhibitor. C) stimulant. D) anesthetic.
B
A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia is an indication of A) narcolepsy. B) tolerance. C) sleep apnea. D) REM rebound.
B
A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called A) narcolepsy. B) insomnia. C) sleep apnea. D) paradoxical sleep.
B
A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces A) blood pressure and heart rate. B) sensitivity to pain. C) mental alertness. D) the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
B
Sleep deprivation had been found to ________ metabolic rate and ________ limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food. A) increase; enhance B) decrease; diminish C) increase; diminish D) decrease; enhance
D
The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called A) addiction. B) stimulation.C) disinhibition.D) neuroadaptation.
D
U.S. sixth graders ________ their friends' use of marijuana, and university students ________ their fellow students' enthusiasm for alcohol. A) underestimate; overestimate B) overestimate; underestimate C) underestimate; underestimate D) overestimate; overestimate
D
University men were shown an erotic movie clip. Compared with those who thought they had recently consumed a nonalcoholic beverage, men who believed they had recently consumed an alcoholic beverage were A) more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and more likely to report having feelings of guilt. B) less likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and less likely to report having feelings of guilt. C) less likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and more likely to report having feelings of guilt. D) more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and less likely to report having feelings of guilt.
D
Unlike alcohol, the THC in marijuana A) acts as a disinhibitor. B) impairs motor coordination skills. C) promotes a state of relaxation. D) lingers in the body for a week or more.
D
When 909 working women reported on their daily moods, researchers noted that less time pressure at work mattered ________ and a good night's sleep mattered ________. A) little; a lot B) a lot; little C) little; little D) alot;alot
D
When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms ofA) tolerance.B) hallucinations. C) reuptake. D) withdrawal.
D
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces only a brief rush of euphoria. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.A) LSD B) heroinC) AmytalD) methamphetamine
D
Which of the following is NOT a known consequence of sleep deprivation? A) increased inflammation and arthritis B) greater risk of obesity C) increase in hunger-arousing ghrelin D) decreased blood pressure
D
Which theory emphasizes that dreams simulate reality by drawing on our current understandings of reality? A) wish-fulfillment theory B) neural activation theory C) information-processing theory D) cognitive development theory
D
While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates A) popout. B) blindsight C) parallel processing. D) change blindness.
D
Women who have been drinking alcohol become ________ disposed to casual sex, and men who have been drinking become ________ disposed to casual sex. A) less; more B) more; less C) less; less D) more; more
D
After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember A) at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met. B) the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking. C) at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address. D) the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar.
B
After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects ofA) cocaine. B) LSD.C) heroin.D) marijuana.
B
Alcohol consumption is likely to ________ attention to an arousing provocation and ________ attention to normal inhibitions. A) decrease; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; decrease D) increase; increase
B
Amphetamines are classified as ________ and barbiturates are classified as ________. A) hallucinogens; depressants B) stimulants; depressants C) hallucinogens; stimulants D) stimulants; hallucinogens
B
Arlette often consumes up to six cocktails in a row before she experiences any noticeable symptoms of intoxication. This suggests that Arlette has developed A) disinhibition.B) tolerance. C) withdrawal. D) hallucinations.
B
As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark, and handsome gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream.A) paradoxical B) manifest C) latentD) hypnagogic
B
Attention to her long-term educational goals enables Alicia to avoid thoughtlessly skipping difficult class assignments. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) change blindness. B) consciousness. C) the cocktail party effect. D)
B
Charlize suffers from insomnia. Which of the following is NOT a natural sleep aid that she can try? A) Exercise regularly but not in the late evening. B) Watch the time closely so that she goes to bed on time. C) Dim lights and relax before bedtime. D) Sleep on a regular schedule and avoid taking long naps.
B
Circadian rhythm refers to A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. C) the experience of sleep apnea following a lengthy transoceanic plane flight. D) the cycle of four distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
B
Cocaine is classified as a(n) A) hallucinogen. B) stimulant. C) depressant. D) opiate.
B
Depressants are drugs such as A) marijuana and LSD. B) barbiturates and opiates. C) nicotine and caffeine. D) cocaine and amphetamines.
B
The possibility that our mental state might have a direct impact on our actions was most clearly dismissed by A) evolutionary psychologists. B) behaviorists. C) cognitive neuroscientists. D) behavior geneticists.
B
The reckless, aggressive behavior that may follow alcohol consumption best illustrates that alcohol may act as a A) methamphetamine. B) disinhibitor. C) hallucinogen. D) stimulant.
B
Training young people in drug refusal skills is a tactic that is most clearly designed to "inoculate" them againstA) hallucinations. B) peer pressure. C) excess dopamine receptors. D) painkilling neurotransmitters.
B
When Muhammed first gave up his smoking habit, he experienced a restlessness and distractibility that made it very difficult to focus on his work or the needs of his family. Muhammed was most clearly experiencing symptoms ofA) hallucinations. B) withdrawal. C) intoxication. D) disinhibition.
B
When asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B) inattentional blindness. C) blindsight.D) dual processing.
B
When cocaine is snorted, injected, or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria by A) creating hallucinations. B) blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters. C) increasing the occurrence of REM. D) triggering neuroadaptation.
B
When deprived of nicotine, smokers experience heightened levels of A) hallucinations. B) distractibility. C) dopamine.D) endorphins.
B
When he saw a single red jelly bean surrounded by a dozen white jelly beans, Jeremy's attention was quickly drawn to the red-colored jelly bean. This best illustrates A) dual processing. B) the popout phenomenon. C) change blindness. D) the cocktail party effect.
B
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers? A) amphetamines B) barbiturates C) hallucinogens D) opiates
B
Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the brain-wave patterns associated with a person's conscious recognition of familiar faces or voices? A) evolutionary psychology B) cognitive neuroscience C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism
B
Zachary experienced a surge of energy and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria that lasted less than an hour after taking a drug that blocked the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The drug he used was most likelyA) heroin. B) cocaine. C) LSD.D) marijuana.
B
An hour after going to bed, Mike was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Mike's sleep, an EEG would have most likely detected A) alpha waves. B) beta waves. C) delta waves. D) REM rebound.
C
At 3 o'clock in the morning, Harry has already slept for four hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A) hypnagogic sensations. B) muscle tension. C) REM sleep. D) NREM-3 sleep.
C
Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons. A) growth hormones B) high melatonin levels C) free radicals D) alpha waves
C
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.A) alcoholB) heroin C) nicotine D) ghrelin
C
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs. A) neuroadaptive B) disinhibiting C) psychoactive D) dehydrating
C
Cocaine, amphetamines, Ecstasy, nicotine, and even caffeine are examples of A) barbiturates. B) opiates.C) stimulants.D) amphetamines.
C
Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences is an indication of A) tolerance.B) disinhibition.C) addiction.D) neuroadaptation.
C
Doug is a drug addict. The drug he is using gives him lots of energy but drastic mood changes and reduced dopamine levels. Which drug is he most likely using?A) nicotineB) alcohol C) methamphetamine D) Ecstasy
C
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions are called A) barbiturates. B) opiates.C) stimulants.D) amphetamines.
C
Experimental participants who consumed alcohol rather than a placebo beverage were less likely to notice that their minds were wandering during a reading task. This best illustrates that alcohol reduces A) synaptic connections. B) serotonin levels. C) self-awareness. D) sleep deprivation.
C
François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using? A) morphine derivatives B) marijuana C) amphetamines D) barbiturates
C
Girls with a history of physical abuse are at ________ risk for problematic substance use. Those with a history of eating disorders are at ________ risk for problematic substance use. A) increased; decreased B) decreased; increased C) increased; increased D) decreased; decreased
C
Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream. A) paradoxical content B) circadian rhythm C) latent content D) manifest content
C
If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking, people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking A) stimulates their secretion of serotonin. B) reduces their body's level of free radicals. C) depresses their vomiting response. D) increases their inhibitions.
C
In two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer to whom they were responding changed after the third question of the interview. This best illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B) popout. C) change blindness. D) blindsight.
C
Jana has had such terrible alcohol withdrawal symptoms that she will not try again to cut back on her habit of drinking too much. Jana is most likely suffering from A) low alcohol tolerance. B) mild hallucinations. C) alcohol use disorder. D) excessive self-awareness.
C
Kara's craving for psychoactive drugs is so strong that she is unable to function at work or maintain important relationships with her family. Kara most clearly shows symptoms of A) sensory deprivation. B) a near-death experience. C) substance use disorder. D) dehydration.
C
Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from leukemia, is undergoing chemotherapy and experiences severe nausea to the point that she cannot eat. Considering her medical condition, which normally illegal drug may she receive?A) LSD. B) cocaine. C) marijuana. D) heroin.
C
Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person A) temporarily stops breathing during sleep. B) has sudden uncontrollable seizures. C) experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. D) has difficulty falling and staying asleep.
C
Oxygen deprivation, epilepsy seizures, and other insults to the brain are most clearly known to produce A) REM sleep. B) neuroadaptation. C) hallucinations. D) alcohol use disorder.
C
Persistent substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and risk of physical harm is most characteristic of A) intoxication. B) withdrawal. C) substance use disorder. D) a near-death experience.
C
Reduced immune system functioning is most likely to accompany long-term repeated use of A) Nembutal. B) caffeine. C) Ecstasy. D) morphine.
C
Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller-than-usual amounts of the drug. A) alcohol B) morphine C) marijuana D) heroin
C
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that A) less than one-third of Americans who have ever smoked cigarettes have ever quit. B) regular marijuana smokers typically need to take progressively larger doses to feel the same effect. C) many people do voluntarily stop using addictive drugs without any treatment. D) the majority of people who try cocaine become addicted within 10 years of first use.
C
Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that A) men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual overtones. B) the genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically related to sexual dreams. C) most dreams are marked by at least one negative event or emotion. D) most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary daily life.
C
Shelley has not had enough sleep in the past week. She is at an increased risk of having a driving accident because her lack of sleep diminishes her A) cortisol levels. B) REM rebound. C) attentional focus. D) hypnagogic sensations.
C
Sitting up in bed, talking nonsense, and appearing highly distressed during REM-3 sleep is most characteristic of A) narcolepsy. B) sleep apnea. C) night terrors. D) REM rebound.
C
Sixteen-year-old Bethany is becoming increasingly concerned about her use of marijuana on weekends. To reduce her use of this drug Bethany shouldA) recognize that life is stressful and often beyond control.B) be warned that marijuana interferes with female sexual functioning. C) stop associating with friends who use marijuana.D) recognize that drug use results from her own lack of social skills.
C
Sleep deprivation has been shown to A) increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. B) reduce REM rebound. C) diminish immunity to disease. D) decre
C
Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone ________ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________. A) melatonin; cortisol B) serotonin; orexin C) ghrelin; leptin D) epinephrine; norepinephrine
C
Susan is a political cartoonist whose work requires her to think imaginatively and present ideas in visually novel ways. Her work is most likely to be facilitated by A) hypnagogic sensations. B) sleep spindles. C) full nights of sleep. D) sleep apnea.
C
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that A) most dreams are psychologically meaningless. B) the disruption of REM sleep leads to narcolepsy. C) most mammals experience REM rebound. D) sexual tension is naturally discharged during REM sleep.
C
The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is A) early in the morning. B) shortly before noon. C) late afternoon. D) within three hours of bedtime.
C
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of A) withdrawal. B) disinhibition. C) tolerance.D) dehydration.
C
The use of barbiturates ________ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) decreases; decreases D) increases; increases
C
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time. A) increase; increase B) decrease; decrease C) increase; decrease D) decrease; increase
C
Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen? A) marijuana B) Nembutal C) Ecstasy D) heroin
C
Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? A) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime. B) Avoid taking short naps during the day. C) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. D) Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before bedtime.
C
Which of the following may occur when a person uses a stimulant such as cocaine? A) pupils contract B) heart and breathing rates decrease C) blood sugar level rises D) appetite increases
C
Which synthetic opiate is sometimes prescribed as a substitute for heroin? A) methamphetamineB) melatoninC) methadone D) THC
C
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? A) cognitive development theory B) information-processing theory C) activation-synthesis theory D) wish-fulfillment theory
C
While sound asleep people cannot A) talk and dream at the same time. B) incorporate environmental changes into the content of their dreams. C) learn recorded messages to which they are repeatedly exposed. D) do any of these things.
C
With repeated use of most psychoactive drugs, the immediate pleasant effects become ________ and the unpleasant aftereffects become ________. A) less strongly pleasant; less unpleasant B) more strongly pleasant; more unpleasant C) less strongly pleasant; more unpleasant D) more strongly pleasant; less unpleasant
C
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as A) the cocktail party effect. B) change blindness. C) choice blindness. D) blindsight.
D
A periodic, natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as A) the circadian rhythm. B) narcolepsy. C) an hallucination. D) sleep.
D
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to A) its accompanying brain-wave pattern. B) the previous day's events that prompted the dream. C) the sensory stimuli in the sleeper's environment that are incorporated into the dream. D) its underlying but censored meaning.
D
After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares. One of the benefits of these nightmares is that they help A) prevent paradoxical sleep. B) reduce sleep apnea. C) increase REM rebound. D) extinguish daytime fears.
D
Alcohol use disorder is alcohol use characterized by A) tolerance and withdrawal.B) brain shrinkage.C) a drive to continue problematic use. D) all of these conditions.
D
Alex is a young adolescent who hopes to achieve the muscular development and gain the height that will enable him to be an outstanding high school basketball player. The hormone production that will help facilitate his goal is most closely associated with A) REM sleep. B) NREM-1 sleep. C) NREM-2 sleep. D) NREM-3 sleep.
D
An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use ofA) heroin.B) cocaine. C) marijuana. D) LSD.
D
At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of A) alpha waves. B) sleep spindles. C) REM sleep. D) delta waves.
D
Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience A) night terrors. B) narcolepsy. C) sleep apnea. D) REM sleep.
D
Brian has greater difficulty remembering what he learns during a foreign language vocabulary tutorial if he experiences less than his normal amount of REM sleep the night after the tutorial. Which theory best accounts for Brian's experience? A) wish-fulfillment theory B) cognitive development theory C) neural activation theory D) information-processing theory
D
Compared with adults, children areA) more likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking. B) less likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking. C) less likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking. D) more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
D
Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams A) strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events. B) reflect our level of cognitive development. C) prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day. D) are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
D
Drug use is considered a substance use disorder when a person A) craves the substance. B) continues use despite social problems. C) continues use despite hazards. D) experiences all of these conditions.
D
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes are referred to asA) barbiturates.B) opiates. C) psychedelics. D) amphetamines.
D
During lunch your friend tells you about a recent dream. In her dream, while at home she was attacked, beaten, and robbed. What would your response be? A) "That's a strange dream." B) "You should be extra careful. It may be a premonition." C) "I read recently that those types of dreams are very rare." D) "That's crazy! But being attacked is one of the most common themes in dreams."
D
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through A) sleeptalking. B) EEG recordings. C) sleep apnea. D) REM sleep.
D
Gregory suffers from insomnia and is often sleep deprived. Which of the following effects is he NOT likely to experience? A) decreased ability to focus attention B) increased risk of hypertension C) decrease in hunger-suppressing ghrelin D) slower reaction time
D
In large amounts, alcohol is a ________; in small amounts, it is a ________. A) depressant; stimulant B) stimulant; depressant C) stimulant; stimulant D) depressant; depressant
D
Increased activity in the ________ during REM sleep may best explain why dream images are often accompanied by a strong emotional tone. A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) frontal lobes C) pineal gland D) amygdala
D
It has been found that night terrors A) are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence. B) are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis. C) jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness. D) typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.
D
Jeremy spent several sleepless nights studying for final exams. During the first few days after the semester ended, he averaged nearly 12 hours of sleep. He then settled back to 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep a day. The unusually lengthy sleep time of the first few days after exams suggests that Jeremy ended the semester with A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) low melatonin levels. D) a sleep debt.
D
Julie consistently fails to get as much sleep as she needs. This is most likely to place her at an increased risk of A) narcolepsy.B) night terrors. C) sleep apnea.D) gaining weight.
D
Melissa is a graduate student in a theological studies program. The fact that her dreams often involve abstract theological issues and biblical metaphors is best explained by A) wish-fulfillment theory. B) cognitive development theory. C) neural activation theory. D) information-processing theory.
D
Of the following people, who will be LESS likely to resist temptation to the sight of food? A) Bree, who is on a diet B) Scott, who is fasting for religious reasons C) Parker, who is well rested D) Margo, who has not gotten enough sleep the past few days
D
Particularly among men, sleep apnea is linked with A) night terrors. B) sleepwalking. C) narcolepsy. D) obesity.
D
Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's A) latent content. B) melatonin levels. C) night terrors. D) cognitive development.
D
Prolonged and excessive drinking can shrink the brain most intensely in ________ who have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol. A) men; more B) women; more C) men; less D) women; less
D
REM rebound involves the A) tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent as a normal night of sleep progresses. B) increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or stressful daytime experiences. C) unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep deprivation. D) tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
D
Recurring symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal are an indication of A) hallucinogens. B) a near-death experience. C) memory disruption. D) substance use disorder.
D
Research has documented a cultural influence on drug use, as indicated by A) drug users' feeling that life is meaningless and directionless. B) heavy drug use among those suffering from depression. C) drug use by identical twins. D) the glamorization of drug use in movies.
D
Fran uses ecstasy each weekend with her friends at the club. During the week, she craves the drug and spends most of her week planning how she will obtain and use the drug. During the early part of the week, she has difficulty getting back on track and recovering from her use over the weekend. She has missed work several times because of her drug use. Because she has been using the drug for an extended period of time, she needs more of the substance to obtain the desired effect. Which of the following best describes the severity of her substance use disorder? A) mildB) moderate C) severe D) extreme
B
Haley plans to take a couple tablets of Ecstasy during a dance party that may last the entire night. One of the immediate dangers of using the drug at this event is A) increased appetite. B) dehydration. C) lethargy. D) pupil constriction.
B
In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep? A) narcolepsy B) sleep apnea C) night terrors D) insomnia
B
Juan, who has a history of illegal drug use, is currently on methadone to help him quit. His brain no longer produces endorphins because of his drug use. He was using a(n) A) barbiturate.B) opiate. C) stimulant.D) amphetamine.
B
Kevin is preoccupied with gambling, and his persistent urges to gamble are so strong that he continues even after losing large sums of money. Kevin most clearly shows signs ofA) withdrawal.B) addiction.C) reuptake.D) intoxication.
B
Morphine and heroin are A) amphetamines. B) opiates.C) hallucinogens. D) barbiturates.
B
Near-death experiences are A) typically triggered by the release of endorphins. B) often accompanied by visions of bright lights. C) recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac arrest. D) a clear indication of a substance use disorder.
B
On the Monday after the "spring forward" to daylight savings time, people show a higher-than-normal incidence of A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) cyberloafing. D) night terrors.
B
One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system. A) sensory B) dopamine C) motorD) melatonin
B
People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of gaining weight. A) decreased; decreased B) increased; increased C) decreased; increased D) increased; decreased
B
Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with A) sleep spindles. B) slow-wave sleep. C) hypnagogic sensations. D) REM sleep.
B
Psychedelic drugs, which distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input, are calledA) amphetamines.B) hallucinogens. C) barbiturates. D) opiates.
B
Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or ________ the activity of neurotransmitters.A) synthesizingB) inhibiting C) intoxicating D) dehydrating
B
Research indicates that total time spent in REM sleep is especially high in A) males. B) infants. C) females. D) the elderly.
B
Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with A) sleep apnea. B) REM sleep. C) cyberloafing. D) high waking metabolism.
B
Sleep has been known to reactivate recent experiences that are stored in the hippocampus and move them into permanent storage. This is known as the process of A) recuperation.B) consolidation.C) creativity.D) desynchronization.
B
Students who have experienced sleep deprivation may be more likely to show a greater incidence of ________ during a 60-minute lecture class. A) sleep apnea B) cyberloafing C) narcolepsy D) insomnia
B
Suspiciousness, convulsions, and cardiac arrest are aversive reactions most closely associated with the use ofA) marijuana.B) cocaine. C) barbiturates. D) heroin.
B
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior are called A) disinhibition.B) withdrawal.C) neuroadaptation. D) intoxication.
B
Although unable to report the width of a block in front of her, a woman identified as D. F. could grasp the block with just the right finger-thumb distance. Her experience best illustrates A) blindsight. B) the cocktail party effect. C) selective attention. D) the popout phenomenon.
A
Compared with young adults, older adults are especially likely to A) spend less time in deep sleep.B) spend less time in NREM-1 sleep.C) spend more time in paradoxical sleep. D) complete the sleep cycle more slowly.
A
During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the A) brainstem. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) amygdala.
A
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably A) would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. B) dreams during NREM-1 rather than during REM sleep. C) experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people. D) cycles through the distinct sleep stages much more rapidly than most people.
A
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B) NREM-2 C) NREM-3 D) R
A
It is around 11:00 p.m. and Mark is beginning to feel extremely sleepy. This is because melatonin is being released by the A) pineal gland. B) pituitary gland. C) thyroid gland. D) hypothalamus.
A
Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses. A) improving; declining B) declining; improving C) declining; staying the same D) staying the same; declining
A
Most psychologists define consciousness as A) our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. B) mental processes. C) observations of behavior. D) waking awareness and altered states of observation.
A
The body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm during which sleep stage? A) paradoxical sleep B) NREM-2 C) NREM-1 D) NREM-3
A
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of A) NREM-1 sleep. B) NREM-2 sleep. C) NREM-3 sleep. D) an awake but relaxed state.
A
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) hippocampus. C) amygdala. D) brainstem.
A
The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was A) behaviorism. B) psychoanalysis. C) humanistic psychology. D) evolutionary psychology.
A
A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of a flying kite best illustrates A) popout. B) parallel processing. C) the cocktail party effect. D) change blindness.
B
A minute or two after falling asleep, Luke felt like he was being tossed up and down as if on a boat in rough seas. His experience best illustrates A) the circadian rhythm. B) hypnagogic sensations. C) sleep spindles. D) narcolepsy.
B
After flying from London to New York, Arthur experienced extra hours of daylight and had a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his A) narcolepsy. B) circadian rhythm. C) hypnagogic sensations. D) sleep paralysis.
B
Although Stephanie is starting to wake up, she is still half asleep and is unable to move. She feels frightened! She is experiencing A) paradoxical sleep. B) sleep paralysis. C) delta waves. D) hallucinations.
B
Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates A) blindsight. B) dual processing. C) popout. D) the cocktail party effect.
B
An EEG shows bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity during ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B) NREM-2 C) NREM-3 D) REM
B
Compared with evening-loving "night owls," those who are morning types tend to perform ________ in school and tend to be ________ vulnerable to depression. A) worse; more B) better; less C) worse; less D) better; more
B
Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively A) fast and especially effective for solving new problems. B) slow and especially effective for solving new problems. C) fast and especially effective for solving routine problems. D) slow and especially effective for solving routine problems.
B
Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________. A) selective attention; the cocktail party effect B) sequential processing; parallel processing C) behaviorism; cognitive neuroscience D) change blindness; choice blindness
B
Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focused on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates A) dual processing. B) the cocktail party effect. C) popout. D) blindsight.
B
During the course of a full night's sleep, young adults are most likely to spend more time in A) NREM-3 sleep than in NREM-2 sleep. B) REM sleep than in NREM-1 sleep. C) NREM-1 sleep than in NREM-3 sleep. D) REM sleep than in NREM-2 sleep.
B
For younger adults, the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every A) 30 minutes. B) 90 minutes. C) 2 1/2 hours. D) 4 hours.
B
Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with A) sleep apnea. B) REM sleep. C) NREM-3 sleep. D) sleep spindles.
B
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of A) delta waves. B) alpha waves. C) sleep spindles. D) rapid eye movements.
B
One study simultaneously delivered a recording of men talking in participants' one ear and a recording of women talking in participants' other ear. When participants were assigned to pay attention to the women, 70 percent failed to hear one of the men repeatedly say "I'm a gorilla." This failure best illustrated A) dual-processing. B) inattentional deafness. C) popout. D) blindsight.
B
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for A) blindsight. B) selective attention. C) choice blindness. D) popout.
B
Research participants picked one of two photos of female faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B) choice blindness. C) popout. D) blindsight.
B
Sequential processing refers to A) the formation of complex neural networks. B) consciously processing one aspect of a problem at a time. C) the brain's ability to automatically regulate basic life-sustaining processes such as breathing. D) the coordinated brain-wide activity that triggers consciousness.
B
Texting and talking on the cell phone while driving is responsible for ________ percent of traffic accidents.A) 12B) 28 C) 45 D) 76
B
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called A) EEGs. B) delta waves. C) REM rebound. D) alpha waves.
B
With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the A) hypnagogic state. B) circadian rhythm. C) alpha wave pattern. D) REM rebound.
B
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates the impact of A) parallel processing. B) change blindness. C) selective attention. D) blindsight.
C
A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates A) sequential processing. B) change blindness. C) dual processing. D) blindsight.
C
Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates A) popout. B) the two-track mind. C) sequential processing. D) choice blindness.
C
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B) NREM-2 C) NREM-3 D) REM
C
Christy failed to notice that she received her ice cream in a sugar cone rather than a waffle cone as she had requested. She later indicated to another customer that she preferred sugar cones over waffle cones. Christy's behavior most clearly illustrates A) blindsight B) the cocktail party effect. C) choice blindness. D) popout.
C
Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT A) reflecting on past experiences. B) setting goals for the future. C) being shocked by the present situation. D) focusing our attention to learn complex tasks.
C
Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B) NREM-2 C) NREM-3 D) REM
C
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with A) sleep spindles. B) narcolepsy. C) REM sleep. D) sleep apnea.
C
June's correct solution to a novel arithmetic problem was simultaneously facilitated by unconscious inferences and the conscious application of mathematical principles. This best illustrates the value of A) the popout phenomenon. B) a biopsychosocial approach. C) dual processing. D) behaviorism.
C
Most animals placed under unnatural constant illumination have more difficulty sleeping thanks to decreased production of A) leptin. B) cortisol. C) melatonin. D) free radicals.
C
Our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of A) sleep paralysis. B) narcolepsy. C) the circadian rhythm. D) sleep apnea.
C
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because A) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. B) we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. D) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
C
Research on sleep and dreaming confirms that A) sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. B) while some people dream every night, others seldom dream. C) the brain's auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep. D) older adults sleep more than young adults.
C
The activation of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes' retinas signals our brain to decrease the production of A) free radicals. B) benzene. C) melatonin. D) dopamine.
C
The cocktail party effect provides an example of A) change blindness. B) dual processing. C) selective attention. D) blindsight.
C
The experience of popout illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger A) blindsight. B) change blindness. C) selective attention. D) choice blindness.
C
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called A) the cocktail party effect. B) the popout phenomenon. C) parallel processing. D) blindsight.
C
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called A) beta waves. B) sleep spindles. C) alpha waves. D) delta waves.
C
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called A) alpha waves. B) circadian rhythms. C) sleep spindles. D) delta waves.
C
The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called A) the cocktail party effect. B) the popout phenomenon. C) dual processing. D) selective attention.
C
When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of A) sleep apnea. B) memory consolidation. C) the circadian rhythm. D) REM rebound.
C
Which of the following is NOT a way consciousness aids survival, according to evolutionary psychologists? A) Consciousness helps us cope with new situations. B) Consciousness helps us act in our long-term interests. C) Consciousness helps us seek short-term pleasures. D) Consciousness helps us anticipate how others view us.
C
A disruption of our 24-hour biological clock as a result of either overexposure or underexposure to light is referred to as A) sleep paralysis. B) paradoxical sleep. C) circadian rhythms. D) desynchronization.
D
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to A) be easily awakened. B) have slower, more regular breathing. C) emit slower brain waves. D) have very relaxed muscles.
D
After turning to wave at one of her friends during lunch, Jessica fails to notice that her new cell phone, which had been right next to her lunch plate, has disappeared. Her oversight best illustrates A) parallel processing. B) inattentional blindness. C) dual processing. D) change blindness.
D
Alexis most enjoys talking and socializing with friends late in the evening. Her mother, however, is most energized for social interactions about an hour after breakfast. This difference between Alexis and her mother is best explained by the fact that age and experience tend to alter our A) REM rebound. B) NREM-2 sleep. C) hypnagogic sensations. D) circadian rhythm.
D
Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of A) sequential processing. B) blindsight. C) choice blindness. D) unconscious processing.
D
Brenda has a psychology exam tomorrow and has been studying all day today. What advice would you give her to help her on her exam tomorrow? A) "Cram for the exam all night tonight." B) "Don't worry about it tonight. Get up early tomorrow and cram for the exam right before you take it." C) "Don't sweat it! If you don't know the material by now, there is no point studying." D) "Make sure you get enough sleep tonight because sleep can help consolidate your memory of the course material you have been studying." Page 18
D
Even if musically inclined, it is difficult to tap a steady three times with your left hand while tapping four times with your right hand because both tasks require A) dual processing. B) change deafness. C) change blindness. D) conscious attention.
D
Exposure to bright light causes the A) thyroid gland to suppress the production of melatonin. B) thyroid gland to increase the production of melatonin. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus to increase the pineal gland's production of melatonin. D) suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the pineal gland's production of melatonin.
D
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called A) blindsight. B) parallel processing. C) the cocktail party effect. D) inattentional blindness.
D
Fantastic images resembling hallucinations occur with the onset of A) narcolepsy. B) driver fatigue. C) cyberloafing. D) NREM-1 sleep.
D
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called A) blindsight. B) parallel processing. C) change blindness. D) selective attention.
D
Identical twins have more similar sleep patterns than do fraternal twins, and people in industrialized nations go to bed later at night than their counterparts of a century ago. These facts best illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both A) rapid eye movements and sleep spindles. B) latent content and manifest content. C) alpha waves and beta waves. D) heredity and environment.
D
In the dual-processing system of vision, the ________ enables us to recognize things and to plan future actions. A) visual action track B) visual processing track C) visual planning track D) visual perception track
D
It has been estimated that our five senses take in ________ bits of information per second while we process only ________ bits of information per second. A) 1,000; 10 B) 11,000; 20 C) 101,000; 30 D) 11,000,000; 40
D
Research indicates that Canadian, American, British, German, and Japanese adults tend to sleep ________ on workdays than on other days. They also tend to go to bed ________ than did their counterparts a century ago. A) more; earlier B) more; later C) less; earlier D) less; later
D
Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called A) night terrors. B) REMs. C) sleep spindles. D) hallucinations.
D
Shawn works the third shift at a local factory. He often has trouble falling asleep and most days does not get enough rest. This increases the likelihood that he will develop all of the following EXCEPT A) fatigue. B) stomach problems. C) heart disease. D) hypertension.
D
Since 1960, psychology has regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of A) evolutionary psychology. B) choice blindness. C) neuroscience. D) cognition.
D
The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone is A) primarily due to the visual distraction of glancing at one's cell phone. B) no greater than the risk for drivers chatting with other passengers. C) no greater than the risk for drivers listening to a car radio. D) he same for those using handheld and those using hands-free phones.
D
The interdisciplinary study of the linkages between brain activity and mental processes is known as A) evolutionary psychology. B) neurology. C) behaviorism. D) cognitive neuroscience.
D
The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from A) NREM-1 sleep. B) NREM-2 sleep. C) NREM-3 sleep. D) REM sleep.
D
We know more than we know we know thanks to our capacity for A) sequential processing. B) consciousness. C) change blindness. D) dual processing.
D
While driving to work, John was so focused on his cell-phone conversation that he inadvertently drove through a red light and hit another vehicle. John's experience best illustrates the impact of A) blindsight. B) popout. C) the cocktail party effect. D) selective attention.
D
While engrossed in reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates A) inattentional blindness. B) sequential processing. C) blindsight. D) selective attention.
D