CHAPTER 3

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by

Hemholtz

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of ____ processing.

top down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

To demonstrate the complexity of human perception, a challenge took place in California where entrants had to design a motorized vehicle that could drive through a 55-mile course without human assistance. The winning vehicle was only able to stay on the course and avoid various obstacles while traveling at a rate of ____ miles per hour.

7

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled Orientation

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Speech segmentation is defined as

Recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) ____ response to faces and an ____ response to Greebles.

Unvaried; increased

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We must understand the basic components of perception

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ____ processing.

bottom up

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

brain ablation

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how ____ can affect perception.

context

) You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?

good figure

Viewpoint ____ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariability

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

During a professional baseball game, a long fly ball is hit down the first base line toward the foul ball pole. If it goes to the right of the pole it will be a foul ball, and if it goes to the left it will be a home run. The umpire making this call will have the most difficulty making the judgment because

it can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when there is overlap between the two

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

neuropsycology

Damage to the temporal lobe makes the ____ more difficult.

object discrimination problem

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

object discrimination problem (temporal lobe)

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ____lobe.

parietal lobe

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

perceptual organization

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of ____ in those scenes.

semantic regularities

When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language with which you are unfamiliar, the words may all seem to sound the same. You may find yourself wondering how those speakers are communicating when they are using the same words over and over again. The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of

similarity

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

simplicity

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

speech segmentation

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when

the faces are viewed from an angle

The "textured wall" example from your text illustrates

the light-from-above heuristic

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

what pathway

The perception pathway corresponds to the ____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the ____ pathway

what; where

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the

where pathway

In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to

your prior knowledge