Chapter 3

Suppose a Random object has been created called generator. Write a single statement that generates a random number in the range 73 to 100.

Answer: randNum = generator.nextInt(28) + 73;

T/F: Explain how variables representing objects and variables representing primitive types are different.

Answer: A variable representing a primitive type actually holds the primitive value associated with the variable, while a variable representing an object holds a reference to the object associated with the variable.

T/F: Enumerated types allow a programmer to treat primitive data as objects.

Answer: False Explanation: Enumerated types are programmer-defined types that allow variables to be assigned values from a specified set. Wrapper classes allow a programmer to treat primitive data as objects.

T/F: All of the classes contained in the java.util package are automatically included in every Java program

Answer: False Explanation: In order to use classes in the java.util package, the programmer must include them using an import statement. The classes in the java.lang package are automatically included in every Java program, and therefore do not require an import statement to use.

T/F: String objects can be changed after instantiation.

Answer: False Explanation: String objects are immutable, meaning that once a String object is created, its value cannot be lengthened or shortened, nor can any of its characters change.

T/F: The new operator is used to access an objects methods.

Answer: False Explanation: The new operator is used to instantiate objects. The dot operator is used to access an objects methods.

T/F: When called with integer parameter n, the nextInt() method of the Random class will return a randomly generated integer between 0 and n.

Answer: False Explanation: When called with integer parameter n, the nextInt() method of the Random class will return a randomly generated integer between 0 and n-1.

Explain what it means for a String object to be immutable. Are there any workarounds for this?

Answer: String objects are immutable, meaning that once a String object is created, its value cannot be lengthened or shortened, nor can any of its characters change. However, there are several methods in the String class that return new modified String objects. By reassigning the original reference to the result of calling one of these methods, we can effectively change the value of a String object.r

What is the range of integers that will be generated by the following expression? generator.nextInt(15) + 5;

Answer: This expression will generate a random number in the range 5 to 19 (inclusive).

What is output by the following code fragment? String hello = new String("Hello World!"); hello = hello.replace('H', 'W'); hello = hello.replace('W', 'H'); System.out.println(hello);

Answer: This will output Hello Horld!

T/F: When there are no references to an object, the object is marked as garbage and is automatically removed from memory using Java's automatic garbage collection feature.

Answer: True Explanation: An object may lose all references to it through reassignment. In this case, it serves no useful purpose since its methods and data can no longer be accessed. At this point, Java's automatic garbage collection feature deletes it from memory, freeing up the space for new objects.

T/F: A variable that is declared as a primitive type stores the actual value of the associated data. A variable that is declared as an object type stores a pointer to the associated object.

Answer: True Explanation: Primitive data types are stored by value, object types are stored by reference.

T/F: he Math class is part of the java.lang package.

Answer: True Explanation: The Math class is part of the java.lang package. Therefore, a programmer does not need to include an explicit import statement to use its methods.

T/F: The System.out.printf() method is an alternative way to output information in Java.

Answer: True Explanation: The System.out.printf() method provides an alternative way of outputting data, but was mainly incorporated into Java to make it easier to port legacy programs written in C to the Java language.

T/F: Multiple reference variables can refer to the same object.

Answer: True Explanation: When multiple reference variables refer to the same object, they are called aliases of each other.

When an object variable is declared but it is not assigned a value, it is called a ______________________. a) null reference b) empty reference c) void reference d) zero reference

Answer: a Explanation: A null reference is a reference that does not refer to any object.

The String class _______________________________ . a) is part of the java.lang package. b) is part of the java.util.package. c) is a wrapper class. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

Answer: a Explanation: The String class is part of the java.lang package. Therefore, choice a is the correct answer. It is not a wrapper class, and it is not part of the java.util package, therefore the other choices are wrong

Consider the following snippet of code: Random generator = new Random(); int randNum = generator.nextInt(20) + 1; Which of the following will be true after these lines are executed? a) randNum will hold a number between 1 and 20 inclusive. b) randNum will hold a number between 0 and 20 inclusive. c) randNum will hold a number between 1 and 21 inclusive. d) these lines will not be executed because a compiler error will result. e) none of the above

Answer: a Explanation: When called with a parameter of 20, the nextInt() method will return an integer between 0 and 19 inclusive. Adding one to this will result in a number between 1 and 20 inclusive.

5) Which of the following classes include the getCurrencyInstance() method? a) String b) NumberFormat c) DecimalFormat d) Math e) none of the above

Answer: b Explanation: The NumberFormat class includes the getCurrencyInstance() method.

1) The ________________ operator is used to instantiate an object. a) static b) new c) + d) - e) none of the above

Answer: b Explanation: The new operator instantiates an object. There is no static operator, and the + and - operators are for arithmetic expressions (although the + operator can also be used for String concatenation).

Which of the following is a correct declaration of enumerated type for the suits of a deck of cards? a) enumerated type Suit = { hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs }; b) enum Suit {hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs }; c) enum Suit {hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs } d) enumerated type Suit = {hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs }; e) enum Suit = { hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs }

Answer: c Explanation: Choice c represents the correct syntax for declaring an enumerated type called Suit that can take one of the values hearts, spades, diamonds or clubs.

Which of the following represents the proper way to create a NumberFormat object that formats numbers as percentages? a) NumberFormat fmt = new NumberFormat(%); b) NumberFormat fmt = new NumberFormat("%"); c) NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(); d) NumberFormat fmt = new PercentNumberFormat(); e) none of the above

Answer: c Explanation: The NumberFormat class uses factory methods to construct objects. The new operator is called implicitly in this case. The factory method that is used is called getPercentInstance(). Therefore choice c is correct. Choice a and Choice b are incorrect since they call the new operator explicitly. Choice d is incorrect because there is no PercentNumberFormat class that can be called with the new constructor.

Assume that we have a Random object referenced by a variable called generator. Which of the following lines will generate a random number in the range 5-20 and store it in the int variable randNum? a) randNum = generator.nextInt(15) + 5; b) randNum = generator.nextInt(15) + 6; c) randNum = generator.nextInt(16) + 5; d) randNum = generator.nextInt(16) + 6; e) none of the above

Answer: c Explanation: When called with 16 as a parameter, the nextInt() method will return a number in the range 0 to 15. Adding 5 to this random number will generate a number in the range 5 to 20.

Which of the following expressions correctly compute 5 + 26? a) result = 5 + 2^6; b) result = 5 + 2*exponent(6); c) result = 5 + 2*Math.exponent(6); d) result = 5 + Math.pow(2, 6); e) none of the above

Answer: d Explanation: Choice a is wrong because Java does not have an exponential operator for primitive types. Choices b and C are wrong because there are no methods named exponent in the java.lang package or the Math class. Choice c correctly uses the Math.pow method to compute the expression.

Suppose we have a String object referenced by a variable called listing. Suppose we want a new String object that consists of the first 5 characters in listing. Which of the following lines of code will achieve this? a) String prefix = listing.front(5); b) String prefix = listing.front(6); c) String prefix = listing.substring(1,5); d) String prefix = listing.substring(0,5); e) String prefix = listing.firstChars(5);

Answer: d Explanation: Choices a, b, and e are wrong because the String class does not have methods called front or firstChars. Choice c is incorrect because the first character in the string is indexed by 1. Choice c is correct, since it will create a new string from the first 5 characters of listing.

Which of the following best describes what happens when an object no longer has any references pointing to it? a) The object is overwritten the next time the new operator is called. b) The object is overwritten the next time the new operator is called using the same class. c) The object is immediately deleted from memory. d) The object is marked as garbage and its associated memory is freed when the garbage collector runs. e) The object stays in memory for the remainder of the programs execution.

Answer: d Explanation: Java has automatic garbage collection. When an object no longer has any references pointing to it, it is marked as garbage. When the garbage collector runs, the memory is freed so that new objects can be created in its space.

A special method that is invoked to set up an object during instantiation is called a ___________________. a) new method b) dot operator c) creator d) constructor e) destructor

Answer: d Explanation: The constructor is called to set up an object during instantiation. The dot operator is used to access methods of an object. There is no "new" method - new is an operator. Java also does not have "creators" or "destructors."

10) ____________________ is the automatic conversion between a primitive value and a corresponding wrapper object. a) Generating b) Aliasing c) Number formatting d) Static invocation e) Autoboxing

Answer: e Explanation: Autoboxing allows a programmer to automatically convert between a primitive value and a corresponding wrapper object. The other 4 answers are incorrect.

3) Which of the following is an invalid way to instantiate a String object? a) String title = new String("Java Software Solutions"); b) String name = "John Lewis"; c) String empty = ""; d) String alsoEmpty = new String(""); e) all of the above are valid

Answer: e Explanation: Choices a and d represent the standard approach to instantiating a String object. Choice d creates the emptry string. Choices b and c use a shortcut notation that is only available for creating a String object.

Write a single statement that creates a DecimalFormat object that formats numbers to 2 decimal places.

DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.##");

When two references point to the same object, ________________________________ . a) a run-time error will occur. b) a compiler error will occur. c) the references are called aliases of each other. d) the object will be marked for garbage collection. e) the references are called null references.

Explanation: It is perfectly acceptable to have two references pointing to the same object, so no errors will be generated. Therefore choices a and b are incorrect. Choice d is incorrect since objects are marked for garbage collection only when no references point to them. Choice e is incorrect since references are called null when they do not point to anything. Choice c is the correct answer.

Write a single line that creates a wrapper for an int variable num.

Integer numWrapper = new Integer(num);

Suppose we have a String object called myString. Write a single line of Java code that will output myString in such a way that all of its characters are uppercase.

System.out.println(myString.toUpperCase());

Write a declaration for an enumerated type that represents the months of the year.

enum Suit { January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December }

Write a short program that asks the user to input a string, and then outputs the number of characters in the string.

import java.util.Scanner; public class StringLength { public static void main(String [] args) { String inputString; Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Please enter a string: "); inputString = input.nextLine(); System.out.println("Your string has " + inputString.length() + " characters!"); }//end main }//end class

Write a short program that allows the user to enter the base and height of a triangle and outputs the hypotenuse, formatted to three decimal places.

import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.DecimalFormat; public class Hypotenuse { public static void main(String [] args) { double base, height, hypotenuse; Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###"); System.out.print("Please enter the base: "); base = input.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Please enter the height: "); height = input.nextDouble(); hypotenuse = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(base,2) + Math.pow(height,2)); System.out.println("The hypotenuse is " + fmt.format(hypotenuse) + ".");

Write a short program that allows the user to input a positive integer and then outputs a randomly generated integer between 1 and the input number.

import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.Random; public class Rando { public static void main (String [] args) { Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); Random rand = new Random(); int n, result; n = scan.nextInt(); result = rand.nextInt(n); System.out.println(result); } }

Write an expression that computes 12 raised to the power 4.3 and store the result in a double called result.

result = Math.pow(12, 4.3);

Write a statement that computes the square root of a variable called discriminant and stores the value in a variable called result.

result = Math.sqrt(discriminant);

Write an expression that will compute the length of the tangent of a right triangle, given one of the non-right angles. You may assume that this value is stored in a variable called angle.

tangent = Math.tan(angle);