Chapter 3 and 4 quiz Video Production
Analog
A signal that fluctuates exactly like the original.
What is a sensor?
A solid-state imaging device in a video or digital cinema camera that converts the optical image into electric en- ergy—the video signal. Also called CCD, chip, and CMOS.
Digital Process
Analog and Digital signals; sampling and quantizing; compression and codecs; and downloading and streaming.
What is a chrominance channel?
Contains the RGB video signals or some combination thereof. Also called color, and C, channel.
What is a luminance channel?
Contains the black-and-white part of a video signal. It is mainly responsible for the sharpness of the picture. Also called luma, or Y, channel.
What is a zoom range?
How much the focal length can be changed from a wide shot to a close-up during a zoom. The zoom range is stated as a ratio, such as 20:1. Also called zoom ratio.
PROGRESSIVE SCANNING
In progressive scanning, the electron beam scans each line from left to right and from top to bottom. This scanning cycle produces one complete frame. The beam then jumps back to the top to start a new scanning cycle to produce another complete frame.
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
Digital
Pertaining to data in the form of binary digits (on/off pulses)
What are Variable Scanning Systems
Some video cameras, especially high-end digital cinema cameras, have a variable scanning system that can produce the standard movie frame rate of 24 frames per second (fps) or even lower as well as the HDTV 60 fps and even a very high frame rate for slow-motion effects.
What does a camera chain mean?
The camera and the associated electronic equip- ment, consisting of the power supply, sync generator, and camera control unit.
COLOR VIDEO IMAGE FORMATION
The color receiver has three electron guns, each responding to the red, green, or blue part of the video signal. Each beam is assigned to its specific color.
Progressive Scanning
The consecutive scanning of lines from top to bottom.
Again, why Digital?
The digital process permits a great number of copies to be made without any deterioration to picture and sound quality, various forms of compression and relatively safe signal transport, and the manipulation of pictures and sound. It can also be used to create new pictures and sound synthetically.
DSLR Cameras:
The digital single-lens reflex cameras used for video capture are still-photo cameras that have the capabil- ity to record motion sequences, much like a regular camcorder. One of the most serious disadvantages is in audio. Most models accept only a mini plug for an external microphone instead of the profes- sional XLR plug (see chapter 7), and you cannot monitor audio with headphones.
What are the Digital Video Scanning Systems?
The most prevalent digital television scanning systems are 480p, 720p, 1080i, and 1080p. These systems produce video with higher resolution than standard analog television, improvised color, and more subtle shadings between the brightest and darkest picture areas. High-Definition television (HDTV) uses the 720p and 1080i scanning systems; super-high-defintion digital cinema (4k and 8k systems) uses a higher number of scanning lines, with each line made up of thousands of pixels.
Scanning
The movement of the electron beam from left to right and from top to bottom on the video screen.
What is a NARROW-ANGLE VIEW?
The narrow-angle, or telephoto, lens shows only a narrow por- tion of the scene, with the background objects appearing much larger relative to the foreground objects than in a wide-angle view. The tugboats now look much closer together.
What is a NORMAL VIEW?
The normal lens shows a vista and a perspective that are similar to what we actually see.
Refresh rate
The number of complete scanning cycles per second. Also expressed in frames per second (fps).
What is Digital?
The on/off principle of the binary system.
PICTURE RESOLUTION-
The picture on the right is composed of more pixels than the one on the left. It has a higher resolution and looks sharper. The more pixels a CCD contains, the higher the resolution of the video image.
BEAM-SPLITTING PRISM BLOCK
The prism block contains prisms and filters that split the incoming white light into its three basic light colors—red, green, and blue—and direct these beams to their corresponding CCDs.
What is F-Stop?
The scale on the lens, indicating the aperture. The larger the ƒ-stop number, the smaller the aperture; the smaller the ƒ-stop number, the larger the aperture.
Interlaced scanning
The scanning of all the odd-numbered lines (first field) and the subsequent scanning of all the even-numbered lines (second field). The two fields make up a complete television frame.
Frame rate
The time it takes to scan a complete frame; usually expressed in frames per second (fps). In analog (NTSC) television, there are 60 fields, or 30 frames, per second. HDTV can have variable frame rates for acquisition, editing, and delivery.
VO stands for?
Video Operator VO is greatly aided in this task by a computerized setup panel. During production the VO usually needs to adjust only the lens aperture, by moving a remote iris control knob or a lever on the CCU.
Note that the video signal leaving all types of imaging devices is always?
analog. This analog signal is then immediately digitized for further signal processing.
The basic difference between an ENG/EFP camera and a camcorder is that the ENG/ EFP camera does not have a?
built-in video recorder (VR) but must feed its output via cable to a stand-alone VR.
A camcorder has its video recorder?
built-in.
Compression rearranges what?
digital data (picture and sound information) or eliminates redundant data to increase storage capacity and speed up signal transport.
Basic Camera Elements:
lens the beam splitter imaging device viewfinder monitor.
Regardless of the quality of the camcorder itself, a good what makes a good image?
lens is one of the principal prerequisites for good pictures.
A fast lens transmits more?
light at its maximum aperture than does a slow one.
The CCD converts the?
light variations of an image into electric energy—the video signal.
Color signals consist of two channels?
luminance channel, also called the luma, or Y, channel chrominance channel, also called the color, or C, channel.
When you turn the ring so that ƒ/1.4 lines up with the indicator, you have "opened" the lens to its maximum? This is an example there are much faster speeds
maximum aperture; it now transmits as much light as it possibly can.
Luminance channel:
produces the black-and-white image of the scene and is mainly responsible for the picture's sharpness
The standard camera chain consists of four parts:
the camera itself, the power supply, the sync generator, and the camera control unit.
chrominance channel:
the color, or C, channel.
An interlaced television frame is made up of?
two scanning fields.
What is DSLR camera?
Stands for digital single-lens reflex camera. Basically a still-photo camera that can also produce video footage. It has an optical viewfinder that permits viewing through the lens for still pictures. In the video mode, it switches to an electronic image.
Female part of the connector is called a?
jack
A narrow-angle lens gives what kind of focal length?
(Long focal length) a narrow vista. Background greatly magnified.
A wide-angle lens gives what kind of focal length?
(Short Focal Length) a wide vista.
When you turn the ring to ƒ/22, the lens is?
"stopped down" to its minimum aperture, letting very little light pass through.
What are zoom range more appropriate for stu- dio dimensions?
(15× or 20×)
Normally, lenses have a ring at their base with a series of ƒ-stop numbers?
1.4, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, and 22
Most stu- dio lenses have a zoom ratio of between?
15:1 and 30:1. EX. A 30× zoom gets you a good close-up without moving the camera in even a large studio.
Small camcorder lenses rarely go above an optical zoom ratio of what?
20:1
The 20:1 zoom ratio can also be indicated as?
20x Zoom EX. A 20:1 zoom lens lets you narrow the field of view (your vista) 20 times when zooming in from the farthest wide-angle position to the closest narrow-angle position. In practical terms you can move in to a pretty good close-up from a wide-angle shot.
Covering sports or other outdoor events demands lenses with zoom ratios of?
40:1 or even 60:1. With such a lens, you can zoom in from a wide shot of the entire football field to a close-up of the quarterback's face. The large zoom range is necessary because these cameras are usually relatively far from the event. Unfortunately, the higher the zoom ratio, the larger the lens gets.
The established DTV scanning standards are?
480p, 720p, 1080i, and 1080p.
INTERLACED SCANNING
A .In interlaced scanning, the electron beam first scans all the odd-numbered lines, from left to right and from top to bottom. This first scanning cycle produces one field. B. B The electron beam jumps back to the top and scans all the even-numbered lines. This second scanning cycle produces a second field. C. The two fields make up a complete television picture, called a frame.
MAXIMUM WIDE-ANGLE AND NARROW-ANGLE POSITIONS OF A 10:1 ZOOM LENS
A 10× zoom lens can narrow the angle of view by 10 times. It appears to bring a portion of the scene closer to the camera.
Lenses determine what?
A camera can see.
Frame
A complete scanning cycle of the electron beam. In interlaced scanning, two partial scanning cycles (fields) are necessary for one frame In progressive scanning, each scanning cycle produces one complete frame.
What does the term a fast lens mean?
A lens that permits a relatively great amount of light to pass through at its largest aperture (lowest ƒ-stop num- ber). Can be used in low-light conditions.
What is a slow lens?
A lens that permits a relatively small amount of light to pass through (relatively high ƒ-stop number at its largest aperture). Requires higher light levels for optimal pictures.
What is a camcorder?
A portable camera with the video recorder built into it.
480i/480p
A scanning system of digital television. The i stands for interlaced, and the p stands for progressive. Each complete television frame consists of 480 visible lines, usually in the 4 x 3 aspect ratio, that are scanned as two interlaced fields (480i) or one after the other (480p). This system is generally referred to as digital SDTV (standard-definition television).
720p
A scanning system of digital television. The p stands for progressive, which means that each complete television frame consists of 720 visible lines that are scanned one after the other. An HDTV (high-definition television) standard.
1080i
A scanning system of high-definition television. The I stands for interlaced, which means that each complete television frame consists of two interlaced scanning fields. A high-end HDTV system.
1080p
A scanning system of high-definition television. The p stands for progressive, which means that each complete television frame consists of 1,080 visible lines that are scanned one after the other. A high-end HDTV system.
Beam Splitter and Imaging Device
A second main system within the camera comprises the beam splitter and the imaging device, usually called the sensor, which transduces light into electric en- ergy.
quantizing
A step in the digitalization of an analog signal. It changes the sampling points into discrete numerical values (0's and 1's). Also called quantization.
What is the iris?
Adjustable lens-opening mechanism. Also called lens diaphragm.
TYPES OF CAMERAS
Although their functions often overlap, we can distinguish among six types of video cameras: shoulder-mounted (large) and handheld (small) camcorders, ENG/EFP (electronic news gathering/electronic field production) cameras, studio cameras , DSLR cameras , digital cinema cameras , and 3D camcorder
What is Interlaced and Progressive Scanning?
An interlaced television frame is made up of two scanning fields, which are necessary for one complete frame. Interlaced scanning scans every other line, then goes back and scans the lines that were skipped. Progressive scanning scans every line. In progressive scanning, each scanning cycle produces not fields but a complete video frame. The frame rate, or refresh rate, can vary.
Connectors
BNC, S-video, RCA phono, HDMI, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and USB 2.0 and 3.0.
The most common sensor in video cameras is the?
CCD (charge-coupled device).
Higher- end cameras or camcorders use the more refined what?
CMOS chips. You will find them exclusively in DSLR (digital single-lens reflex) cameras and digital cinema cameras. One of the great operational advantages of a CMOS sensor over a CCD is that the CMOS uses less battery power.
TYPES OF CAMERA'S?
Camcorders, ENG/EFP cameras studio cameras DSLR cameras Digital Cinema Cameras and 3D camcorders
STUDIO CONVERSION OF ENG/EFP CAMERA
Converting a high-quality ENG/EFP camera for studio use usually requires adding a large viewfinder, a faster lens with a zoom range appropriate for the studio size, cables that allow zooming and focusing from the operator's position, and a frame and mount- ing devices for a tripod or studio pedestal.
DTV
Digital Television
What the major advantage of digital over analog?
Digital allows for continues copying without losing any quality from the original. Analog gradual looses quality after copying from the original.
What are Compression's and Codecs?
Digital signals can be compressed; analog signals cannot. Compression eliminates redundant or unnecessary picture information to increase storage capacity and speed up signal transport and video and audio processing. Lossless compression rearranges the data into less space. Lossy compression throws away redundant or unimportant data. There are several codec (compression-decompression) systems that offer various means and degrees of compression.
What are Sampling and Quantizing?
Digital signals sample the analog signal at equally spaced intervals and assign each sample a specific binary number—the process of quantizing. Each number consists of a combination of 0's and 1's. The higher the sampling rate, the higher the picture quality. Digital signals are very robust and do not deteriorate over multiple generations.
Whats is Downloading?
Downloading means that the data are sent in packets that are often out of order. You need to wait until all packets have arrived before you can open the file.
ENG/EFP CAMERA CONNECTED TO RCU AND EXTERNAL VIDEO RECORDER if for what?
ENG/EFP camera has no built-in video recorder but is connected to a remote control unit and from there to a high-capacity hard drive or studio VTR for high- quality recording.
What is the camera control unit (CCU)?
Equipment, separate from the actual camera, that allows the video operator to adjust the color and brightness balance before and during the production.
Why use an RCU when the camera is basi- cally self-contained and has automatic controls?
External power frees you from worrying about battery life during a long shoot or a live pickup. Second, in situations where optimal pictures are critical, the RCU allows the video operator (VO) to override the camera's automatic circuits and tweak the settings for optimal performance under a variety of shooting conditions. Third, because the director can see on a monitor what the camera operators see in their viewfinders, he or she can give them the necessary instructions over the intercom headsets while the multicamera event is in progress.
What are the BASIC CAMERA FUNCTION AND ELEMENTS?
Function Lens beam splitter and imaging device video signal processing viewfinder monitor
What is a ENG/EFP camera?
Highly portable, high-end self-contained camera without a built-in video recorder used for electronic field production.
VIDEO CAMERA PRISM BLOCK
In this photo of an actual prism block, you can see the three CCDs attached to the port (opening), one for each RGB light beam.
Basic Image Formation
Interlaced Progressive Digital Video scanning Systems Flat-panel screens LED LCD Plasma Panels
What is aperture?
Iris opening of a lens; usually measured in ƒ-stops.
Lenses
Lenses are classified by the focal length (short and long), angle of view (wide and narrow), and speed (largest aperture expressed in the lowest ƒ‐stop). The zoom lens has a variable focal length. The zoom range is stated as a ratio, such as 20:1 or 20×. A 20:1 lens can show the angle of view 20 times narrower than the extreme-wide- angle position with the background magnified.
LED
Light Emitting Diodes
Lens Iris and Aperture
One quality factor of the lens is determined by its speed, that is, the maximum aperture, or iris opening. A fast lens lets a relatively large amount of light pass through; a slow lens, relatively little. A fast lens is better than a slow one. The specific aperture is indicated in ƒ-stops. The lower the ƒ-stop number, the larger the aperture and the more light is transmitted. A fast lens has a low minimum ƒ-stop number (such as ƒ/1.4). The higher the ƒ-stop number, the smaller the aperture and the less light is transmitted. A slow lens has a relatively high minimum ƒ-stop number (such as ƒ/4.5).
Field
One-half of a complete scanning cycle, with two fields necessary for one television picture frame. In analog (NTSC) television, there are 60 fields, or 30 frames, per second.
What is a Beam splitter?
Optical device within the camera that splits the white light into the three additive primary light colors: red, green, and blue.
What are the differences of a Digital Zoom and a Optical Zoom?
Optical, the elements inside the lens change its focal length. the center of the digital image is gradually magnified; we perceive this gradual magnification as the image coming closer. The problem with digital zooms is that the enlarged image becomes progressively less sharp and eventually displays oversized pixels that look like tiles of a mosaic. Inevitably, a digital zoom-in to a fairly tight shot produces a slightly fuzzy image. An optical zoom does not influence the sharpness of the picture, which is why optical zooms are preferred.
Why Digital?
Picture and sound quality in dubs, compression, and picture and sound manipulation.
STV
Standard Television
What is a CMOS sensor?
Stands for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. A high-quality imaging device similar to a CCD.
What is CCD sensor?
Stands for charge-coupled device. One of the popular imag- ing devices in a studio camera or camcorder.
Codecs
Stands for compression-decompression. Can be one of several compression systems of digital video, graphics, and audio files.
STUDIO CAMERA
Studio cameras normally use three high-density CCDs or CMOS chips and a variety of picture-enhancing electronic circuits. This studio camera uses a high-quality 25× zoom lens and a large 9-inch high- definition viewfinder. Most studio cameras also have a teleprompter attached, which makes the whole camera head considerably heavier than an ENG/EFP camera or camcorder.
Sampling
Taking the number of samples (voltages) of the analog video or audio signal at equally spaced intervals
A narrow-angle lens is more commonly know as a?
Telephoto Lens
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT?
The CCU has a variety of controls with which the video operator can continuously monitor and adjust picture quality. The remote version of a CCU is called an RCU.
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT
The CCU has a variety of controls with which the video operator can continuously monitor and adjust picture quality. The remote version of a CCU is called an RCU.
VIDEO IMAGE FORMATION
The electron gun in the back of the picture tube generates an electron beam. This beam is guided through the long neck of the tube to scan the thousands of dots covering the inside of its face.
ƒ-STOP SETTINGS
The higher the ƒ-stop number, the smaller the aperture and the less light is transmitted by the lens. The lower the ƒ-stop number, the larger the aperture and the more light is transmitted by the lens.
PIXEL ARRANGEMENT ON A SENSOR is?
The sensor contains thousands or millions of pixels that are arranged in a vertical stack of horizontal scan- ning lines. The number of pixels in the vertical stack is defined by the scanning system (480p, 720p, or 1080i). The number of pixels per horizontal line greatly influ- ences the overall picture resolution.
PIXEL ARRANGEMENT ON A SENSOR
The sensor contains thousands or millions of pixels that are arranged in a vertical stack of horizontal scan- ning lines. The number of pixels in the vertical stack is defined by the scanning system (480p, 720p, or 1080i). The number of pixels per horizontal line greatly influ- ences the overall picture resolution.
Binary Digits (Bits)
The smallest amount of information a computer can hold and process. A charge is either present, represented by a 1, or absent, represented by a 0. One bit can describe two levels, such as on/off or black/white. Two Bits can describe four levels (2 over 2 bits); 3 bits, eight levels (2 over 3 bits); 4 bits, 16 (2 over 4 bits) and son on. A group of bits (2 over 8) is called a byte.
STANDARD CAMERA CHAIN
The standard camera chain consists of the camera head (the actual camera), the power supply, the sync generator, and the CCU. (Camera Control Unit)
STANDARD VIDEO CONNECTORS?
The standard video connec- tors are the BNC, S-video, RCA phono (also used for audio), HDMI, FireWire, and USB 2.0 or 3.0 connectors. Adapters enable you to intercon-nect all of them in various configurations.
STANDARD VIDEO CONNECTORS
The standard video connec- tors are the BNC, S-video, RCA phono (also used for audio), HDMI, FireWire, and USB 2.0 or 3.0 connectors. Adapters enable you to intercon- nect all of them in various configurations.
Camera Chain
The studio camera chain consists of the camera head (the actual camera), the power supply, the sync generator, and the camera control unit (CCU). A camcorder contains the entire camera chain plus the recording device.
compression
The temporary rearrangement or elimination of redundant picture information for easier storage and signal transport.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMERA?
The video camera translates the optical light image as seen by the lens into a corresponding picture on the screen. The light reflected off an object is gathered and transmitted by the lens to the beam splitter, which splits the white light into red, green, and blue (RGB) light beams. These beams are then transformed by the imaging device (sensor) into electric energy, which is ampli- fied and processed into a video signal. It is then reconverted into video pictures by the viewfinder and the monitor.
What is a WIDE-ANGLE VIEW?
The wide-angle lens shows a wide vista, with the faraway objects looking quite small.
IRIS CONTROL RING
The ƒ-stop calibration is printed on a ring that controls the iris opening, or aperture, of the lens. The C on the control ring of this lens refers to cap, which means the iris is totally closed, letting no light pass through the lens, thus acting like a physical lens cap.
What are Flat-Panel Displays?
There are three flat-panel systems: LED, LCD, and plasma panels. Although they operate on different complex technical principles, their pixels are all activated by the video signal. The LED panels are more economical in power consumption and generate less heat than the other two systems.
Beam Splitter and Imaging Device
These devices change the light of the optical image as produced by the lens into electric charges of various strengths. The beam splitter divides the light that comes through the lens into red, green, and blue (RGB) light beams. The imaging device, usually called a sensor, is attached to the beam splitter and transduces the colored light beams into electric charges, which are then further processed into the video signal.
ENG/EFP CAMERA CONNECTED TO RCU AND EXTERNAL VIDEO RECORDER
This high-end ENG/EFP camera has no built-in video recorder but is connected to a remote control unit and from there to a high-capacity hard drive or studio VTR for high- quality recording.
SHOULDER-MOUNTED CAMCORDER
This large camcorder has three high-density MOS (metal-oxide semi- conductor) sensors (an improved CMOS-type sensor), a 17× zoom lens, and four separate audio channels. It can hold two P2 memory cards for continuous variable-frame-rate HDTV recording.
HIGH-END HANDHELD CAMCORDER
This small high-end HDTV camcorder has three CMOS sensors, an 18× optical zoom lens, and two professional (XLR) microphone inputs. It records in all HDTV standards, with a variable frame rate on CF (compact flash) memory cards.
DIGITAL CINEMA CAMERA
This super-high-definition electronic cinema camera contains a large 2K+ sensor and records video and audio on high-capacity memory cards. It offers a 4 × 3 or 16 × 9 aspect ratio and a vari- ety of frame rates, including the digital movie favorite of 24 fps.
SAMPLING
To convert an analog wave into a digital one, it is divided and measured at equally spaced intervals. A A high sampling rate looks more like the original wave; most of the original wave is retained. B A low sampling rate looks less like the original wave; not much of the origina
3D Camcorders
To produce three-dimensional footage, you need to capture the event with either two identical camcorders mounted side-by-side, or a camera with twin lenses, which records what one lens sees on a left-eye channel and what the other lens sees on a right-eye channel.
Digital Process Restated
User-friendly Metaphor to explain analog and digital signals and the digital process.
What is a zoom lens?
Variable-focal-length lens. All video cameras are equipped with a zoom lens.
What is focal length?
With the lens set at infinity, the distance from the iris to the plane where the picture is in focus. Normally measured in millimeters or inch
Both types of sensors, CDD and CMOS consist of?
a solid-state silicon chip containing thousands or even millions of light-sensing pixels that are arranged in horizontal rows (representing each scanning line) and vertical stacks (representing the number of scanning lines). This is quite an accomplishment considering that most chips in video cameras are no larger than your thumbnail. Each pixel can translate the light energy it receives into a corresponding electric charge.
In progressive scanning, each scanning cycle reads?
all the lines and produces one complete frame.
The auto-iris adjusts the?
aperture electronically to its optimal setting. The camera reads the light level of the scene and tells the auto-iris to open up or close down until the resulting picture is neither too dark nor too light. Such an automated feature is not without drawbacks, however. The problem is that the camera does not know which part of the picture you want properly exposed.
The lens iris, or lens diaphragm, operates in the same way. Like your pupil, the center of the iris has an adjustable hole, called the a?
aperture, that can be made large or small. The size of the aperture controls how much light the lens transmits. When there is little light on a scene, you can make the aperture bigger and let more light through. This is called "opening the lens" or "opening the iris."
Studio cameras cannot be powered by?
batteries.
The camera chain consists of the?
camera head (the actual camera), the power supply, the sync generator, and the CCU.
Camera cable does what?
carries the power to the camera and transports the picture signal, the intercommunication signal, and other technical information between the camera and the CCU.
The sensor, also called a?
chip, is an imaging device that transduces light into an electrical charge, which, after processing, makes up the video signal.
A codec is a?
compression standard.
What is a Beam splitter?
consists of a series of prisms and filters locked into a prism block. Its function is to separate the ordinary white light of the lens- projected image into the three primary light colors—red, green, and blue (RGB)—and to direct these light beams at their corresponding sensors.
The CCD converts the light variations of an image into?
electric energy—the video signal.
For extremely long cable runs (up to 2 miles or a little more than 3 kilometers) what cable is used?
fiber-optic cables are used. Studio cameras need such a great reach because they are used not only in the studio but also on remotes— scheduled events that happen outside the studio.
Like the pupil of your eye, all lenses have an?
iris that controls the amount of light transmitted. In a bright environment, your iris contracts to a smaller opening, restricting the amount of light passing through; in a dim environ- ment, it expands to a larger opening, admitting more light.
What is a viewfinder?
is a movable tubelike device attached to the camera. A small video screen or flat-panel display on a camera that shows the black-and-white or color picture the camera generates. The flat-panel displays are also called monitors.
Slow lens?
is more limited in how much light it can transmit.
What is Streaming?
means that you can open the file and listen to and watch the first part while the data delivery of the balance of the file is still in progress.
The lens distance calibration is measured in what?
millimeters EX "24-70mm"
Studio cameras are used for such programs as?
news, interviews, game shows, music and dance spectaculars, and of course soap operas.
STUDIO CAMERA:
normally use three high-density CCDs or CMOS chips and a variety of picture-enhancing electronic circuits. This studio camera uses a high-quality 25× zoom lens and a large 9-inch high- definition viewfinder. Most studio cameras also have a teleprompter attached, which makes the whole camera head considerably heavier than an ENG/EFP camera or camorder
All digital systems are based on the?
on/off principle of binary code. An electric charge is either present or it is not. The on state is represented by a 1, the off state by a 0.
Male part of the connector is called a?
plug
(RCU)
remote control unit
The camera control unit (CCU) has two major functions:
setup and control. Setup refers to the adjustments made when the camera is first powered up. The video operator, who is in charge of ensuring that each camera produces optimal pictures during recording, makes sure even before the show that the colors the camera delivers are true, that the iris is at its optimal aperture, and that the camera is adjusted for the brightest spot (white-level adjustment) and the darkest spot (black-level or pedestal adjustment) in the scene so that we can see all the major steps within this contrast range.
he higher the ƒ-stop number, the?
smaller the aperture and the less light is transmitted.
The lower the ƒ-stop number, the?
the larger the aperture and the more light is transmitted.
The video camera has three main elements:
the lens, the imaging device and the viewfinder.
BASIC CAMERA ELEMENTS?
the lens, the imaging device, and the viewfinder
Most studio cameras use what kind of cable?
triaxial cables, which can reach about 1 mile (1.6 kilometers).
Most larger camcorders use how many sensors?
three sensors: one for the red beam, one for the green beam, and one for the blue beam. Each of the three sensors is solidly attached to the prism block.
Wherever studio cameras may be located, they are always connected by?
to their CCUs (camera control units) and to other essential equipment, such as the sync generator and the power supply. These three elements constitute what is called the camera chain.
We measure how much light is transmitted through the lens with the help of the?
ƒ-stop.
