chapter 3 and chapter 6
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep,associated with obesity
relative height
a monocular cue for perceiving depth; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away
loud noise
can cause sensonrial hearing loss
substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
your brain interprets ___________as the _________ of hair cells activated
loudness'number
kinesthesia [kin-ehs-THEE-zhuh]
our movement sense—our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts.
vestibular sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
supercell clusters
receive info from feature detectors and respond to more complex patterns
Hypnosis
state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion
after passing the pupil light travels to the transparent ___________they focus the light rays into an image on your on your retina
lens
subliminal
stimuli u cannot detect 50% of the time
absolute threshold(gustav fechner)
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
Psychophysics
the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
After cornea, light passes through...
pupil, a small adjustable opening
Delta waves (EEG)
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Olfaction (smell)
(chemical sense); scent molecules reach the olfactory epithelium deep in the nasal cavity, the scent molecules contact receptor cells at this location, which project to the olfactory bulbs of the brain. from there information travels to the olfactory cortex and the limbic system.
Hypnosis
altered state of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance.Can be used in medical environments reduce emotional distress , aide in weight loss and pain in social rejection
N1 sleep
even slower theta waves where muscle tone is lost as well as most awareness of the environmentmay experience hallucinations
sensorinueral hearing loss (nerve deafness)
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
REM rebound
increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
cognitive nueroscience approach
interdisiplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory and language)
Surrounding the pupil and controlling its size is the _____, a colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity
iris
sleepwalking and sleep talking
mostly genetic, occur during N3 (stage 3; slow wave) and are harmless. Occur more often in children (partly because they have more N3 stage sleep than adults).can safely return back to bed with the help of their family memeber
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups proximity continuity and closure
manifest content (Freud)
the remembered story line of a dream
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
light enter through the _________ which bends light to help provide focus
cornea
2 stages of color processing
1. The retina's red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli, as the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory suggested. 2. The cones' responses are then processed by opponent-process cells, as Hering's opponent-process theory proposed.
Why do our sensory systems adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A;so that we detect potentially important changes in what is going on B;so that we do not become overstimulated by the environment C;so that we do not become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment D;so that we will continue to respond to ongoing stimulation
A
As the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep?
As the night goes on, REM stages get longer, especially in the second half of the night. While the first REM stage may last only a few minutes, later stages can last for around an hour. In total, REM stages make up around 25% of sleep in adults less that of kids
relative motion
As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move
Color constancy refers to the fact that
B. objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light reflects changes
Freud's wish-fulfillment theory
Dreams preserve sleep and provide a "psychic safety valve"—expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content (a hidden meaning).
phi phenomenon
Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
sensory receptors
Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
tetrachromatic
Referring to the rare situation (in humans, at least) where the color of any light is defined by the relationships of four numbers—the outputs of those four receptor types. seeing a mosaiq of colors in one color mostly found in females
dual processing
Simultaneously processing on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.releases serotonin and dopamine
activation-synthesis theory
a theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories critism; the person is weaving the images in their brain which should tell us something about the person
cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria, increased aggresion, emotional disturbances, cardiac arrest respiratory failure, depletes supply of dopamine,serotonin, norepinephorine
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Methamphetamine (Meth)
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, triggers dopamine release; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Gestalt Psychology
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
frequency theory
theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane low pitches
social influence theory
theory that hypnotic subjects are just role-playing; so caught up in hypnotized role that they convince themselves it's real; trying to be a "good subject"; imaginative acting
The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. adaptive top-down subliminal bottom-up
top down
through ______________________ our experiences assumptions,expectations,context motivation, and emotions can shape our views of society
top down processing
pain reflects both
top-down and bottom-up processing, biopsychosocial
Light's __ is the distance from one wave peak to the next. This dimension determines the ______________ or color
wavelength;hue
Alpha waves (EEG)
waves present on an EEG when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed.
how does parallel processing construct visual pereceptions
we can process combined visual information at once
medication induced disorder
when people misuse drugs and alcohol to the point that they exhibit psychological disorders
noncommunicative patients show activity in the brain through
fmri scans
Lightwaves ' amplitude or height determines
its intensity- the amount of energy it contains, that determines brightness of the color we see
Myopia (nearsightedness)
occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Visual Information Processing
optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex
sequential processing
processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems
Why do we sleep?
protection, recuperation, memory, creative thinking, growth
According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near to each other. This is called the principle of _____.
proximity
to focus the rays the lens go through
Accomadation; the lens change their thickness and curvature
specialized cells
Cells that perform specific functions that benefit the entire multicellular organism
Tranquilizers
Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Perceptual adaptation refers to the
Perceptual adjustments to an artificially displaced visual field
N2 stage of sleep
Sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity that only last a second or two If woken, will be aware of being asleep
difference threshold
The minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
parallel processing
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
dissociation theory of hypnosis
Theory based on research by Ernest Hilgard. Suggests that hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily. One part or level of our consciousness responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist; another part or level retains awareness of reality. Hilgard's experiments indicate the presence of a hidden observer, a level of our consciousness that monitors what is happening while another level obeys the hypnotist's suggestions.
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Blindsight
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
sensory adaption
a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation,except eyes are always moving so we cant look at something for a long time and it disappears,
Marijuana
a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive hallucinegon
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, old womand and young women picture affects top down, expectations and context
suprachiasmatic nucleus
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that responds to light-sensitive retinal proteins; causes pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness, when there is light they make the circadian rythm make us want to stay up
alia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to adjust, or _____.
accomadate
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
behavior addictions
addiction to a behavior not a drug
near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
ecological approach jamees gibson
an approach to perception maintaining that humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences iPERCEPTION based on CONTEXT
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
example of top down and bottom up
bottom up allows you to detect lines colors and angles and top down allows us to interpret what we saw hearing process sound waves vision processes light
conduction hearing loss
caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
insomnia disorder
chronic difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep, increased risk of deepression obesity,hypertension,sleeping pills and alcohol shorten time in rem sleep and tolerance
Synesthesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
monocular cues
distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone
cognitive development theory
dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding critism ' does not explain adaptive function of dreams
physiological function theory
dreams are used to use neural pathways & keep connections open; stimulation for braincritism; does not explain why we have experienced meaningful dreams
information processing theory
dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories, critism ; why do we dream about things that we have not experienced
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment in large doses, tranquilizers
depressant drugs
drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system, inhibtory, alcohol
Amphetamines
drugs, such as methamphetamine, that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
when you look at a red tulip u dont see red particles but pulses of ________________ energy that our brain percieves as red.
electromagnetic
Kisharra encounters an intriguing article reporting a case of a neuropsychological disorder called prosopagnosia. She learns that prosopagnosia reflects an inability to recognize _____ and results from damage to the _____ hemisphere. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. words; left faces; right faces; left words; right
faces; right
inattentional numbness
failing to feel, smell, or hear things when our attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness
if a culture thinks a drug wil cause aggresion, euphoria, and sexual arrousal and another culture does not then both their perceptions can be___________
fulfilled
Interposition
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
In a simplified summary of visual information processing, recognition is _____ step. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. an early the first a middle the last
last
Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of "Mrs. M." described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. motion. sound. pain. anger.
motion.
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement david hubel and torsten weisel
night terrors vs nightmares
night terrors: no memory of events, deep NREM sleep (sweaty, running around...) nightmares: late in sleep cycle, comforted, vivid recall of dream, REM sleep
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
N3 sleep
people experience the deepest stage of sleep, delta waves
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
top-down processing
perceiving the world around us by drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new informations
relative size
perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
sleep
periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
Control pain by
placebos, distractions and hypnosis
color blind lack
red and green processing cones
Genna's irises are constricting. Based on information provided in the text, Genna is MOST likely _____ someone. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. interested in bored by trusting refusing
refusing
Gustation
sense of taste
Nociceptors
sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli chemical temprarure,presssure
as night goes on deep N3 sleep gets___________ and N2 and REM sleep get _______________
shorter; lobger
Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. differences in processing subliminal stimulation. the effects of priming. signal detection theory. differences in absolute threshold.
signal detection theory.
effects of alcohol
slowed down reactions and judgment, impaired motor coordination,can shrink brain,increases sexual tendencies,slows memory,reduced self awareness
disinhibitor
slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions
Pain is your body's way of telling you
something has gone wrong
pg 251
summarizing senses
selective attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
depth perception (gibson)
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
stroboscopic movement
the brain perceives continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images
leonardo da vinci believed
the eye saw images upside down , proved wrong the reina sees images right side up
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
When psychologists refer to the visible part of the light spectrum, they mean: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the visual field, including peripheral vision. the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye. red, orange, and yellow light waves. ultraviolet rays, gamma rays, and radio waves.
the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye.
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
signal detection theory
the response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's response criterion trys to predict when we will detect weak signals
Two Track Mind/ Dual Processing
the simultaneous functioning of both the conscious and unconscious minds happens while sleeping
place theory of hearing
the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencieshigh pitches
gate-control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.,sometimes too many signals can be going up that there is a blockage
