Chapter 3 biology

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The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are

A,G,T,C

methyl group

-CH3, nonpolar

Carbonyl group

-CO

Phosphate group

-PO 4 2-

sulfate group

-SO 4-

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

4

pentose sugars have ___ carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have _____ carbon atoms

5,6

Carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

Which of the following accurately describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein?

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

Why do phospholipids arrange into bilayers? Select all that apply.

The bilayer is the most energetically favorable arrangement in aqueous solution. The hydrophilic ends attract water while the hydrophobic ends exclude water.

What are the functions of fats in living organisms ?

energy storage, support cushion for organs and insulation

When fatty acids are linked to glycerol, a type of covalent bond called a(n) Blank 1 of 1 bond is formed.

ester

What type of bond joins fatty acids and glycerol in a fat molecule?

ester bond

The elements of a polypeptide's secondary structure , the a helix β pleated sheets are stabilized by______bonds.

hydrogen

Two strands of DNA are bound together by_______ bonds to form the double helix

hydrogen

What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?

hydrogen

the elements of a polypeptide's secondary structure , the a helix and B pleated sheets are Stabilized by _______ bonds

hydrogen

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) ______into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain.

kink, bend , angle

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid ___________ with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

lipid bilayer

Unsaturated fats have_______melting points than saturated fats

lower

Polysaccharide

many monomers

The part of this phospholipid that is indicated with the arrow is:

nonpolar hydrophobic

The building blocks of nucleic acids are monomers called

nucleotides

The primary structure

of a protein is the amino acid sequence of its polypeptide.; the linear sequence of amino acids

monosaccharides

one monomer

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains

one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

phosphate group nitrogen-containing base sugar

carbohydates polymers are called

polysaccaharides

The chemical structure of all______ consists of four fused rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure

steroids

The major classes of lipids

steroids triglycerides phospholipids waxes

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

the repeating patterns of folding between regions

what is the function of waxes

they prevent water loss

Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell

Carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms

Carbon atoms can form polar and non-polar bonds

Carbon serves as the backbone for a variety of biologically important organic molecules

carbon atoms can form polar and non-polar bonds

Carbon serves as the backbone for a variety of biologically important organic molecules

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid

Carboxyl group amino group side chain (R)

all the parts that make up the polar hydrophilic region of a phospholipid molecule.

Charged nitrogen-containing region Phosphate group Glycerol backbone

Carbohydrates

Choice, Have the general formula Cn(H2O)n, where n is a whole number

All steriod hormones are derived from ______

Cholesterol

__________ is a precursor of all steriod hormones

Cholesterol

Proteins

Composed of smaller subunits called amino acids

Nucleic acids

Composed of smaller subunits called nucleotides

What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA

Cytosine Thymine Guanine Adenine

The most common hexose is

D-glucose

What macromolecules is used for the storage of genetic information in cells?

DNA

What type(s) of sugar forms the backbone of DNA molecules?

Deoxyribose

Which of the following are pentoses ?

Deoxyribose and Ribose

How does the presence of a double bond influence the shape of a fatty acid?

Double bonds between carbon molecules introduce kinks in the otherwise linear structure of fatty acids.

How can fats provide protection for mammals in cold weather?

Fats under the skin can provide insulation to protect against cold.

What feature of fats allow them to store high levels of energy?

Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds

Which of the following describes the chemical structure of steroids?

Four fused rings of carbon with one or more attached hydroxyl groups

which of the following nitrogenous bases are purines?

Guanine Adenine

What type of bond is responsible for the formation of a helix and B pleated sheets

Hydrogen bond

What types of bonds are broken when a proteins is denatured?

Ionic bonds Disulfide bonds Hydrogen bonds

What happens when protein is denatured?

Its three-dimensional structure is disrupted

The length of a carbon-carbon bond is short

Molecules with carbon bonds can function across range of temperatures

Smallest to largest carbohydrates

Monosaccarhids disaccharides polysaccharide

Why are most organisms unable to use cellulose for energy production?

Most organisms do not have enzymes that can break down cellulose.

Which of the following atoms form polar covalent bonds with carbon?

Nitrogen Oxygen

Atoms form POLAR COVALENT bonds with carbon

Nitrogen Oxygen

Lipids

Nonpolar molecules that are primarily composed of C and H, with some O

What are the monomers of nucleic acids ?

Nucleotides

Hydroxly group

OH-

In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?

Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.

Starch and glycogen are used for ______ in living cells.

Storing energy

The three basic components of a nucleotide are pentose_____, an ____ group , and a ring of carbon and ____ atoms called a base

Sugar, phosphate ,and nitrogen

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges

Sulfhydryl

What level of protein organizations refers to the three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide that includes all secondary structures and interactions between side chains

Tertiary structure

proteins are made up of chains of ______ acids

amino

How can amino acid side chains affect the structure and function of a protein

amino acid side chains play a role in protein folding amino acid side chains are involved in catalysis at the active site of enzymes

What are the monomers found in proteins?

amino acids

Saturated fats are typically found in_______ , and unsaturated fats are more commonly found in _____

animals , plants

Macromolecules

are large molecules made from smaller organic molecules.

Monomers

are small molecules that are linked together to form polymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

Cn(H2O)n is the general chemical formula of a:

carbohydrate

monosaccarides

carbohydrate monomers are known as

What are macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between Blank 1 of 2 atoms and Blank 2 of 2 atoms.

carbon , hydrogen

three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are

carbon , hydrogen, and oxygen

What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates ?

carbon , oxygen and hydrogen

Which of following atoms form non-polar covalent bonds with carbon

carbon and hydrogen

Isomers are molecules that have the same ______ but different ______ and characteristics.

chemical formula; structures

Orgainic Molecules contains

contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

the process by which monomers combine to form polymers is called

dehydration

Proteins are made by_______ reactions, in which water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides.

dehydration reaction

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?

dehydration reactions

Structural isomers

different arrangement of same elements

A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a(n

double helix

Which sugar monomer forms the polysaccharides starch, cellulose, and glycogen?

glucose

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide

glucose, alpha-glucose, D-glucose, or alpha-D-glucose

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

glycosidic bond

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) ____ 1linkage

glycosidic bond or linkage

Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats:

have a higher melting point pack together more tightly

The secondary structure shown in this diagram is an example of an alpha

helix

The two basic types of secondary structure are the alpha________ and the beta-pleated_____.

helix, pleated sheet

The reversible process by which a polymer is broken down into monomers is called

hydrolysis

Water is a reactant when a macromolecule is broken down in a ______ reaction, and water is a product when a macromolecule is formed in a ______ reaction.

hydrolysis; dehydration

amino acid side chains that are non-polar tend to minimize their contact with water; thereby excluding water and contributing to _________ effects involved in protein folding

hydrophobic

Lipids are

hydrophobic , nonpolar

Orgainic molecules are abundant

in living organisms

Dehydation reaction

in which monomers combine to form a polymer and a molecule of water is removed

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures are called

isomers

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

What type of organic molecule can assume both a linear or ring form?

monosaccharide

What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

The main elemetns that make up proteins are ________,____ in addition to small amounts of other elements, like sulfur

nitrogen and oxygen

Carbon and hydrogen form

non polar bonds with carbon

hat are the two major structural components of phospholipids that make them amphipathic?

nonpolar fatty acids polar phosphate group

The nucleotides of DNA molecules contain the sugar, ________ as part of the backbone of the molecule.

pentose

What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?

pentose

A type of covalent bond called a _______ bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

peptide

In living things, starch is found in ______ cells and glycogen is found in certain types of ______cells.

plant , animal

In a phospholipid bilayer, the __________of the phospholipids face water and the___________regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

polar and nonpolar

Phospholipids are amphipathic beacause they contain both

polar and nonpolar groups

Macromolecules are

polymers built from monomers. Large , complex organic Molecules

A protein is composed of one or more

polypeptides

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long carbohydrate polymers called

polysaccharides

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the

primary structure

Hydrophobic effects play a major role in what protein structures?

quaternary structure and tertiary structure

dehydration

reaction, in which monomers combine to form a polymer and a molecule of water is removed.

Secondary

repetitive folding patterns such as helix and B pleated sheet

What are the two possible shapes formed by monosaccharides such as glucose?

ring and linear

Animals cells typically contain enzymes to break down the plant polysaccharide ______ to extract energy but not to break down the plant polysaccharide ______.

starch; cellulose

The backbone of a DNA or RNA strand is made of alternating________ and _______ molecules

sugar and phosphate

What is the primary structure of a protein

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

During proper base pairing in DNA, adenine pairs with_______ and cytosine pairs with _____ .

thymine , guanine

DNA and RNA are made of nitrogenous bases. Both DNA and RNA contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine. In addition, DNA contains the base _____, but RNA contains _______

thymine, Uracil

Which of the following is a correct name for fat molecules, one of the major classes of lipids?

triglycerides

True or false: A protein may be composed of more than one polypeptide.

true

How many. shells of electron does carbon have

two

Proteins that have quaternary structure consists of at least _______ polypeptides?

two or more

Quaternary

two or more interacting polypeptides

Which type of fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds?

unsaturated fatty acid

oils are fats that are high in

unsaturated fatty acids

an ______ fatty acid contains one or more c=c double bonds. An ______ fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds

unsaturated saturated

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

uracil , thymine, and cytosine

Lipids called______ help to prevent water loss from organisms

waxes

Hydrogen bonds can form _______

within a polypeptide and between different polypeptide chains

Amino group

(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

sulfhydryl group

(—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

What are the three main properties of carbon that are important in forming organic molecules?

- carbon bonds are stable across a broad range of temperatures -Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds with other atoms -Carbon can form both polar and non polar bonds

hydrolysis reaction

A strand of DNA is broken down into individual nucleotides. A sugar is broken down into fructose and glucose molecules.

How can amino acid side chains affect the structure and function of a protein?

Amino acid side chains are involved in catalysis at the active site of enzymes. Amino acid side chains play a role in protein folding

How do the amino acid side chains affect proteins?

Amino acid side chains play a critical role in the structure and function of a protein.

Examples of dehydration reaction

Amino acids combine to form a long chain called a polypeptide. Several monosaccharides combine to form a polysaccharide.

What are the two types of secondary structure found in proteins

B pleated sheet a helix

Which of the following glycosidic linkages occur in cellulose ?

B-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Formula for glucose

C6H12O6

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Which of the following accurately describes oils , such as olive oil?

Oils are fats high in unsaturated fatty acids. Oils have low melting points and are liquid at room temperature.

Molecules that contain carbon and that are found in all forms of life are called ______ molecules.

Organic

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms is called a ________ sugar, and a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms is called an _____ sugar

Pentose, Hextose

What type of bond forms between two amino acids during a dehydration reaction?

Peptide bond

How are monomers and polymers related to one another?

Polymers are large macromolecules composed of many monomers linked together.

What level of protein structure occurs when two or more polypeptides interact with each other to form a functional protein ?

Quaternary

Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between _______ groups of cysteine side chains.

SH

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, such as the fatty acid shown here, are called _________ fatty acids.

Saturated

Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are _______ fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are ______fats.

Saturated, unsaturated

the_______ structure of a polypeptide is the repeating pattern of folding stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Secondary

which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

Secondary structure , Quaternary structure and tertiary structure

Which of the following are examples of a dehydration reaction?

Several monosaccharides combine to form a polysaccharide. Amino acids combine to form a long chain called a polypeptide.

Where are the sugar phosphate groups and the nitrogenous bases found in the double helix?

The sugar phosphate backbone faces the outside of the double helix while the nitrogenous bases pair in the middle.

tertiary

The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide

The two pyrimidine bases in DNA are

Thymine , Cytosine

Fats, a type of lipid, are also called _________and contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglycerides

Disacccharides

Two monomers

A phospholipid moelcule consists of

a head that is polar and hydrophilic , and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic

A phospholipid molecule consists of

a head that is polar and hydrophilic, and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Stereoisomers

a- and B- glucose hydroxly of carbon 1 is above or below ring D- and L- glucose


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