Chapter 3 (Chemical Compounds)

Monatomic anions

Negatively charged particles(Cl, O2−, and N3−) contain single atoms with a negative charge

Monatomic cations

Positively charged particles ( Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+), contain single atoms w/positive charge

Lone pair

Two electrons that are not involved in the covalent bonds between atoms but are important for explaining the arrangement of atoms in molecules; pairs of dots in Lewis structures

Bond angle

angle formed by straight lines (representing bonds) connecting the nuclei of three adjacent atoms

Ionic Bond

attraction between a cation and an anion

Chemical Bond

attraction between atoms/ions in chemical compounds

Polyatomic ion

charged collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Molecular Compound

compound composed of molecules; all of the bonds between atoms are covalent bonds.

Ionic Compound

compound that consists of ions held together by ionic bonds

Binary covalent compound

compound that consists of two nonmetallic elements

alcohols

compounds that contain a hydrocarbon group with one or more ‑OH groups attached

Polar Covalent Bond

covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally, leading to a partial negative charge on the atom that attracts the electrons more and to a partial positive charge on the other atom

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

covalent bond in which the difference in electron‑attracting ability of two atoms in a bond is negligible (or zero), so the atoms in the bond have no significant charges.

Binary ionic compound

ionic compound whose formula contains one symbol for a metal and one symbol for a nonmetal

double bond

link between atoms that results from the sharing of four electrons; viewed as two 2‑electron covalent bonds

triple bond

link between atoms that results from the sharing of six electrons;viewed as three 2‑electron covalent bonds

Tetrahedral

molecular shape that keeps the negative charge of four electron groups as far apart as possible; shape has angles of 109.5° between the atoms

Lewis Structure

representation of a molecule that consists of the elemental symbol for each atom in the molecule, lines to show covalent bonds, and pairs of dots to indicate lone pairs

Electron-dot symbol

representation of an atom that consists of its elemental symbol surrounded by dots representing its valence electrons

Mixture

sample of matter that contains two/more pure substances and has variable composition.

Pure Substance

sample of matter that has constant composition; two types= elements and compounds

Organic chemistry

study of carbon‑based compounds

Compound

substance that contains two or more elements, the atoms of these elements always combining in the same whole‑number ratio

Chemical Formula

written description of the components of a chemical compound; identifies elements in compound by symbols and indicates # of atoms of each element w/ subscripts

Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

Valence electrons

electrons most important in the formation of chemical bonds; represented by element's A‑group number on the periodic table