Chapter 3: Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

pluripotent

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types

melanocytes

Contain the pigment melanin Scattered throughout stratum basale

______ contribute to mechanical strength of tissue

anchoring junctions (have been compared to zippers or buttons)

carbohydrates bound to lipids or proteins are exclusively found on which side of the membrane

externally

extracellular matrix

extracellular material that is synthesized and secreted by the cells of a tissue

lungs, blood vessels, and skin need what combination of fibers for elasticity?

fibrillin + elastin

filaments and sheets of elastic fibers

fibrillin + elastin coming together

the segment of the transmembrane that passes through the bilayer is (polar/nonpolar)

nonpolar

most common form of adipocyte in adult human is

white fat adipocytes

can a cell be both fixed and mobile

yes

do adults have brown fat? how was this proved?

yes, CT and PET scans

Osteocystes

bone cells

peripheral proteins attach to other membrane proteins through __________ interactions and can be removed how? examples?

*noncovalent interactions* and can be separated from membrane by chemical methods without destroying membrane ex: enzymes, structural binding proteins that anchor the cytoskelteron

epithelial are classified on the basis of

*number* of cell *layers* and *shape* of *cells* at the apical surface

tight junctions proteins? function?

*restrict/block movement of material between the cells they link* claudins and occludins help partly fuse membrane of adjacent cells together varying degrees of leakiness

clast suffix in connective tissue type cells means

cells that are actively breaking down matrix

chondrocytes

cells that synthesize the extracellular matrix of cartilage

if detected early ______ is one of the most treatable forms of cancer

cervical caner

cartilage matrix is formed by

chondrocytes produce firm but flexible matrix

Elastin

coiled, wavy protein that returns to its original length after being stretched (elastance)

protein that dominates in dense connective tissue is

collagen

matrix fibers include

collagen elastin fibrillin fibronection

secretory vesicles

contain protein that will be released by cell

tissues range in complexity, how

contain single type of tissues (lining of blood vessels) or multiple (connective tissue)

adipocyte of white fat

contains a single enormous lipid droplet that occupies most of the cell volume

other epithelial such as kidney and intestinal tract,

control the movement of materials between the external environment and the extracellular fluid

cilia in upper airways and part of female reproductive system do what

create current that sweep fluids or secretions across the cell surface

centrioles

cylindrical bundle of 27 microtubules, arranged in 9 triblets

Cells that are neither growing, secreting matrix components, nor breaking down matrix may be given the suffix

cyte

microvilli are supported by

cytoskeleton fibers

cytoplasm is made out of

cytosol, insoluble particles called inclusions, insoluble proteins fibers, and membrane bound structures (organelles).

examples of things epithelial secrete into blood are

hormones

where is the diaphragm

in between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity, remember it forms the floor of thoracic cavity

suffix blast on connective tissue means

indicates a cell that is either growing or actively secreting extracellular matrix

SER

lacks attachment of ribosomes synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and lipids occurs here also phospholipids cholesterol is modified into steroid hormones (ex: estrogen and testosterone)

cancer cells can usually be recognized by a ...

large nucleus surrounded by a relatively small amount of cytoplasm

liposomes structure

larger spheres with bilayer phospholipid walls. hollow center with an aqueous core

microtubules size composition protein function

largest of all three (25nm) tubulin (globular) cytoskeleton; movement of cilia, flagella, and chromosome (centrioles); intracellular transport of organelles

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell contain pores

stem cells

less specialized cells that retain the ability to divide

adherens junctions

link actin fibers in adjacent cells together

gland

secretory epithelial cells clumped exocrine and endocrine

transporting epithelial

selective about what can cross them and are found primarily in the intestinal tract and the kidney - exchange of nongaseous materials (ions and nutrients) b/w internal and external environment

primary cilia in the kidney

sense fluid flow

exocrine glands produce two types of secretion:

serous secretions mucous secretions

cytoskeleton: intracellular transport

serves as railtrack to move organelles

how do histologists describe tissue

shape and size of cells arrangement of cells in tissue the way cells are connected to one another amount of extracellular material present in tissue

Cilia

short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface

basolateral membrane

side of epithelial cell facing the extracellular fluid can have folds that increase surface area

two types of epithelial layering

simple stratified

gap junction protein? function?

simplest *allow direct and rapid cell-to-cell communication* through cytoplasmic bridges between adjoining cells connexins interlock to create passageways are able to open and close for regulation allow both chemical and electrical signals to pass rapidly

goblet cells

single exocrine cells that produce mucus

sperm has ____ flagella

1

centrioles direct the movement of

DNA

proteoglycans

are glycoproteins

resistance from stretching and twisting in skin is promoted by

*strong* linkage of anchoring cell junctions

(T/F) Cilia is a continuation of the cell membrane

true

answer percent protein, lipid, and carbohydrate for red blood cell membrane myelin membrane around nerve cells inner mitochondrial membrane

*NOTE* how inner mitochondrial membrane has 0% carbs

two main fluid compartments in body

(1) Extracellular fluid (2) intracellular fluid

body is divided into three major body cavities: by.... lined....

(1) cranial cavity-- skull (2) thoracic cavity -- thorax (3) abdominopelvic cavity tissue and bones with tissue membranes

transporting epithelia: cell shape

*thicker* than cells of exchange epithelia, and they act as a barrier as well as an entry point *cuboidal or columnar* *simple epithelial*

how is it that lysosomes become acidic?

- 7.0-7.3 pH while leaving Golgi (for safety) - accumulates H+ while in cytoplasm and enzymes activate

cytoskeleton: Assembly of cells into tissues.

- Protein fibers of the cytoskeleton connect with protein fibers in the extracellular space, linking cells to one another and to supporting material outside the cells - allow transfer of info between cells

muscle tissue characteristics

- contract produce force and movement

mucus

- acts as a lubricant for food to swallow - trap for foreign particles and microorganisms inhaled or ingested - protective barrier between epithelium and enviornment

types of muscle tissue

- cardiac (heart) smooth (make up organs) skeletal (attach to bones)

which cells have a lot of cilia?

- cells lining upper airways - and part of the female reproductive tract

Tay Sachs disease

- imperfection in lysosomes - in kinds - can't break down glycolipids

neural and muscle tissue characteristics

- minimal extracellular matrix - limited to supportive layer called the external lamina - gap junctions

best known endocrine glands

- pancreas - thyroid - gonads - pituitary glands all of which are in kidney tubules, lining of digestive tract, in walls of heart

cytoskeleton: internal organization

- stabilize position of organelles

primary cilia

-- most cells of the body contain a single, stationary, or non-motile, cilium - lack central pair of microtubules - sensors of external environment, passing information into the cell

cranial cavity contains... thoracic cavity contains... abnominopelvic cavity contains....

--brain --heart & lungs --(abdomen)-- stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines, liver, gallbladder......(pelvis) -- reproductive organs, urinary bladder, terminal portion of large intestine

fibronectin

-An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells -Helps attach cells to extracellular matrix through actin filaments and integrins (focal adhesions) - wound healing and blood clotting

(T/F) ground substance == matrix

1 = True

5 important functions of cytoskeleton

1 cell shape 2 internal organization 3 intracellular transport 4 assembly of cells into tissue 5 movement

two general types of epithelial tissues

1) lie on surface of body or line inside of tubes or hollow organs 2) secretory epithelia that synthesize and release substances into extracellular space

general functions of the cell membrane include

1) physical isolation 2) regulation of exchange with the environment 3) communication between the cell and its environment 4) structural support

functionally, the body has ____ fluid compartments

3

Many physiologically important membrane proteins have ____ transmembrane segments,. Others cross the membrane _____ and up to _____

7; 1; 12

relative thickness of cell membrane

8 nm

flagella composition longer or shorter than cilia? microtubules?

9 microtubules surrounding a central pair, they terminate inside the cell at basal body considerably longer than cilia

cilia composition

9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair they terminate just inside the cell at basal body

*NOTE* (1/3) of all proteins are membrane proteins 10 to 50 different types of proteins inserted into membranes

:P

*NOTE* The lumens of some organs are outside the body

:P

*note* lipid anchored proteins were previously thought to be peripheral proteins, but are actually integral proteins

:P

TISSUES YAY :)

:P

ground substance varies depending on type of connective tissue, for example blood (watery) and bone (very hard)

:P

*FACT:* Heart muscle has gap junctions that allow chemical and electrical signals to pass rapidly from one cell to the next

:[

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Glycolipids play a key role in body's immune response example?

ABO blood groups are determined by the number and composition of sugars attached to membrane sphingolipids.

osteoclast

Bone-destroying cells

cell-cell anchoring junction in vertebras are accomplished through

CAMs called cadherins, which connect with one another across the intercellular space

cell-matrix anchoring junction in vertebras are accomplished through

CAMs called integrins

Integrins

CAMs that create cell-matrix anchoring junctions also bind to signal molecules in the cell's environment

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

the ruler in a cell is

DNA

endocrine glands

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood

polyribosomes

Free ribosomes forming groups of 10 to 20

lipid anchored proteins found extracellularly are held by

GPI anchor

organs

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures

transmembrane proteins

Integral proteins that span the membrane.

ways in which cell adhesion molecules work in body

NCAMs, help nerve cells creep across extracellular matrix its what allows white blood cells escape from circulation and move to infected tissues platelets to cling to damaged blood vessels

cervix consists of secretory and protective epithelial. they come together at the opening of cervix. HPV (human pap. virus) cause the cervical cells to develop dysplasia

NOTES

intracellular transport of cytoskeleton is especially important for which system of body

This function is particularly important in cells of the nervous system, where material must be transported over intracellular distances as long as a meter.

How can urine, stomach acid, and saliva have pH values outside the pH range that is compatible with life and yet be part of the living body?

Urine, stomach acid, and saliva are all inside the lumens of hollow organs, where they are not part of the body's internal environment

rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked by lysosomes

basal lamina (basement membrane)

a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue acellular matrix layer that is secreted by epithelial cells

neurofilament

a neural fiber

unusual thing about mitochondria other than that it has DNA

ability to replicate themselves even when the cell to which they belong is not undergoing cell division.

plasticity

ability to specialize into a cell of a type different from the type for which they were destined

dysplasia

abnormal growth or cell multiplication a change in size and shape of cells that is suggestive of cancer

A large number of ________ are associated with the cell's protein fibers

accessory proteins

phospholipid matrix on skin

acts as skins waterproofing agent

Cell-cell anchoring junctions take the form of

adherens junctions desmosomes

adipose tissue composition

adipocytes (fat cells)

advantage and disadvantage of compartmentation?

advantage: allow different environments to have different physical properties without disrupting each other's functions ex: lysosomes acidic environment could kill cell if it breaks disadvantage: harder to transport thins from one part of the cell to the other

lumen is filled with

air or fluid

nuclear pore complexes

allow communcation between nucleus and cytosol ions and small molecules more freely across but transport of proteins and RNA requires energy

how does the cytoskeleton restricting movement of integral proteins affect the cell?

allows cells to develop polarity, in which different faces of the cell have different proteins and therefore different properties. which is important in the cells of the *transporting epithelial*

why is nuclear pore complex so specific?

allows the cell to re- strict DNA to the nucleus and various enzymes to either the cytoplasm or the nucleus.

mechanical properties of tissue (elasticity and flexibility) depend on

amount and consistency of the tissues matrix

lipid anchored proteins

an amino acid of the protein is covalently attached to a lipid

leaky epithelium

anchoring junctions allow molecules to cross the epithelium by passing through the gap be- tween two adjacent epithelial cells ex: wall of capillaries

improper _______ junctions can lead to ..... why?

anchoring; metasis Cancer cells lose their anchoring junctions because they have fewer cadherin molecules and are not bound as tightly to neigh- boring cells secretes protein-digesting enzymes known as proteases (matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) that attack extracellular environment

basal body

anchors the cilium or flagellum

transporting epithelia: membrane modifications

apical vs basolateral side

neurons

are a lot of nerve cells that carry information in the form of chemical and electrical signals from one part of body to another

protective epithelia are found where

are found on the surface of the body and just inside the openings of body cavities epidermis linings of: mouth pharynx esophagus urethra vagina

Ciliated epithelia

are located primarily in the airways of the respiratory system and in the female reproductive tract nontransporting tissues surface of tissue facing lumen is covered with cilia

cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

are membrane-spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient cell adhesions

kinesins

assist the movement of vesicles along microtubules.

dynein

assist the movement of vesicles along microtubules. associate with the microtubule bundles of cilia and flagella to help create their whiplike motion

anchoring junctions

attach cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix

tendon

attach skeletal muscles to bones

desmosomes

attach to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton - spot desmosomes (Small contacts between cells) - belt desmosomes (bands that encircle the whole cell)

fixed ribosomes

attached to the cytosolic surface of organelles

retrograde

backward movement of vesicles in golgi

acellular layer between epidermis and dermis

basal lamina

most epithelial attach to an underlying matrix layer called=....... through.....

basal lamina cell adhesion molecules

separate epithelial tissues are held together through

basal lamina proteoglycans

how is movement of cilia accomplished?

beat rhythmically back and forth when the microtubule pairs in their core slide past each other with the help of the motor protein dynein

flagella movement

beat rythmically wavelike movement when the microtubule pairs in their core slide past each other with the help of the motor protein dynein

why don't lysosomes destroy cells

because their enzymes only work in acidic conditions

where kidneys at

behind abdominal cavity, between peritoneum and bones and muscles of the back, just above waist level

myosins

bind to actin fibers and are best known for their role in muscle contraction

supporting connective tissue

bone + cartilage dense ground substance that contains closely packed fibers

osteoblast

bone-forming cell

where are neurons concentrated?

brain and spinal cord but include network of cells that extend to every part of the body

catalases

break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen inside peroxisomes

temperature regulation in infants is linked to what type of fat

brown fat

fibrous extracellular matrix of bone is said to be .... because... in turn giving bone

calcified, it contains mineral deposits, calcium salts (calcium phosphate) rigidity

smallest blood vessels are

capillaries allow molecules smaller than proteins to pass between two adjacent epithelial cells

for transmemebrane proteins _____ may attach to the extracellular loops and _____ may attach to the intracellular loops

carbohydrates phosphate groups

cell adhesions are weak

cell junction

transporting epithelia can be identified by what characteristics

cell shape membrane modifications cell junctions cell organelles

multipotent

cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells Undifferentiated stem cells in a tissue that retain the ability to divide and develop into the cell types of that tissue are said to be ex: bone marrow and give rise to blood cells

cell-_____ and cell-_____ junctions stabilize the structure of tissues

cell-cell cell-matrix

tight epithelium

cells are bound to each other by tight junctions that create a barrier, preventing substances from traveling between adjacent cells. ex: kidney

necrosis

cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or lack of oxygen when blood supply is cut off - swell - organelles deterioriate - rupture digestive enzymes released damaged adjacent cells and cause inflammation - redness surrounding a scab

stronger cell junctions include

communicating junctions occluding junctions anchoring junctions

basal lamina

composed of a network of collagen and laminin filaments embedded in proteoglycans

brown fat

composed of adipose cells that contain multiple lipid droplets rather than a single large droplet

pemphigus

condition where cell starts attacking its junctions blisteing skin

ligament

connect one bone to another

primary tissue types in body

connective epithelial muscle neural

second major tissue type

connective tissue

Fibroblasts

connective tissue cells that secrete collagen rich matrix

GPI anchor

consists of a membrane lipid + a sugar phosphate chain

desmosomes can be recognized by the

dense glycoprotein bodies or plaques that lie inside cell membrane where two cells connect

strongest cell cell junction is

desmosome

______ anchor epithelial cell to each other

desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

smooth ER of liver and kidney

detoxify or inactivates drugs

3 families of protein fibers are classified by

diameter and protein composition

role of micelles

digestion and absorption of fats in the digestive tract

list of organ systems with lumen connected to external environment

digestive tract respiratory system reproductive system urinary system

plasma

dilute solution of ions and dissolved organic molecules, and soluble proteins basically ions organic molecules soluble proteins

gap junctions in nerve and muscle tissue allow for

direct and rapid conduction of electrical signals from cell to cell

why are capillaries considered leaky epithelium

dissolved molecules except for large proteins can pass from the blood to the interstitial fluid by traveling through gaps between adjacent epithelial cells.

mitochondria composition

double wall that creates two separate compartments within the mitochondrion mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial DNA inter-membrane space

tretinoin (Retin A)

drug derived from vitamin A speeds up cell division and surface shedding so treated skin develops a more youthful appearance

Most exocrine glands release their products through open tubes known as

ducts

motor proteins

dynein, kinesin

pleural sacs

each surround a lung

totipotent

earliest cells in human life are said to be this becuase they have the *ability to develop into any and all types of specialized cells *

loose connective tissue

elastic tissue that underlie skin and provide support for small glands

_____ microscopy allowed scientists to see the cell membrane for the first time

electron

epithelium lining lungs, blood vessels, and heart is also called

endothelium

mitochondrial matrix contains

enzymes, ribosomes, granules, unique DNA

the following defines what type of tissue: cover exposed surface (skin) line internal passageways (digestive tract) "Any substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross _______"

epithelium

mucous secretions

ex: mucous sticky solutions containing glycoproteins and proteoglycans

insoluble protein fibers

ex; collagen, fibronectin, and laminin provide strength and anchor cells to the matrix

pap test

examination of cells taken from the cervix to detect early signs of cervical cancer

five functional types of epithelial

exchange transported ciliated protective secretory

epithelial origin of endocrine and exocrine glands

exocrine: epithelial tissue divides into connective tissue, forming a gland with ducts through which secretory substances pass through to get to external environment endocrine: epithelial divides into connective tissue, but loses neck region connection to parent epithelial, thus making secretions go straight into blood

chronic heart failure and metasis usually occurs because of

extracellular matrix disruptions

structure of connective tissue

extracellular matrix is a ground substance of proteoglycans and water that contain insoluble protein fibers

(T/F) mitochondrial DNA has the same nucleotide sequences as found in nucleus

false; different

(T/F) lysosome enzymes are always within the lysosome

false; sometimes they'll release enzymes outside cell to break down extracellular support material (ex: calcium carbonate portion of bone) cells allow their lysosomal enzymes to come in contact with the cytoplasm, leading to self-digestion of all or part of the cell. q

(T/F) All membranes have the same ratio of lipids to proteins

false; the ratio varies across cells

(T/F) Fixed ribosomes are always fixed

false; they can release and become free ribosomes

(T/F) Each cell in the body inherits identical genetic information in its DNA and therefore exhibit same function

false; they do inherit identical genetic information in its DNA, but no one cell uses all that information, which is why they have different functions

(T/F) Peripheral proteins disrupt membrane organization upon removal

false; they don't

(T/F) Cell adhesion are permanent, therefore bond between CAMs and matrix is strong

false; they're not permanent, weak bonds

fibrillin

fiber in connective tissue extracellular matrix (contain straight fibers)

protein fibers in matrix are.... what do they do?

fibronectin : connects cells to matrix elastin : stretch and recoil fibrillin : forms filaments and sheets collaged : stiff but flexible

keratin

fibrous protein found in hair and nails

macrophages

fight invaders like white blood cells

microvilli

finger-like extensions of cell membrane that increase the surface area of a cell for absorption of materials

cartilage composition

flexible lack of blood supply

collagen fibers

flexible but inelastic fibers whose strength per unit weight exceeds that of steel

flagella are found on

free-floating single cells - and in humans only male sperm is flagellated

a ____________ had revealed the actual three dimensional arrangement of lipids and proteins within the cell membranes

freeze-fracture electron micrograph

fluid mosaic model was a result of

freeze-fracture electron micrograph

Communicating junctions in animals are

gap junctions

nutrients in cytosol are stored as

glycogen granules and lipid droplets

extracellular surface of cell membranes has what type of carbs: ________ & ______

glycoproteins and glycolipids

matrix can be divided into

ground substance protein fibers

how to get through a tight epithelium?

have to go through cells, not in between the,

hollow organs include

heart, lungs, blood vessels, intestines

primary cilia in photoreceptors of the eye

help with light sensing

cytoskeleton: movement

helps cells move ex: cytoskeleton helps white blood cells squeeze out of blood vessels and growing nerve cells send out long extensions as they elongate. ex: Cilia and flagella on the cell membrane are able to move because of their microtubule cytoskeleton.

_______ tie epidermal cells to fibers of the basal lamina.

hemidesmosomes

cell-matrix anchoring junctions

hemidesmosomes focal adhesions

cell junctions

hold cells together in tissues

where can cholesterol be found in the membrane? what is their role?

inserted between phospholipids helps keep membrane *impermeable to small water-soluble* molecules and keeps *membranes flexible over a wide range of temperatures*

cytoplasm: protein fibers

insoluble form the cell's internal support system (cytoskeleton)

cytoplasm: inclusions

insoluble particles stored nutrients or materials responsible for specific cell function (non membraneous organelles)

inclusions

insoluble particles in cytoplasm

membrane proteins include

integral peripheral

ER composition function

interconnected membrane tubes with three major functions: synthesis, storage, and transport of biomolecules rough smooth

lumen

interior of any hollow organ

give an example of epithelial tissue (on an organ) that can alter tightness of their junctions according to body needs

intestine

where can lipid anchored proteins be found in the membrane

intra and extracellularly

focal adhesions

intracellular actin fibers to different matrix proteins, such as fibronectin.

why is blood such an unusual connective tissue

it's watery and doesn't have insoluble protein fibers present in other connective tissues

epithelial of skin and mucous membranes of the mouth act as barrier to

keep water in body invaders out (bacteria)

keratin and protective epithelial

keratin toughens protective epithelial

lipid rafts

lipids assembled in a defined patch in the cell membrane made of sphingolipids

biologists think that a _______ like structure was the precursor of the first living cell

liposome

______ are being used as a medium to deliver drugs and cosmetics through the skin

liposomes

gene therapy uses

liposomes to carry fragments of genes

nerve and muscle tissue have (little/lots) of extracellular matrix

little

cytoplasm: organelles

little organs membrane bounded

what organs do gap junctions appear in

liver, pancreas, ovary, thyroid gland

sphingolipids

longer fatty acid tail than phospholipids, have phospholipid or glycolipid head

types of connective tissue

loose dense adipose blood cartilage bone

connective tissue (cartilage, bone, and blood) has (lots/little) cellular matrix

lots

white blood cells include

lymphocyte neutrophil eosinophil

When muscles atrophy (shrink) from lack of use or the uterus diminishes in size after pregnancy, the shrinkage or disappearance is due to

lysosomes

lysosomal storage disease

lysosomes are ineffective because they lack specific enzymes ex: Tay Sachs disease

RER

main site of protein synthesis (on ribosome outside RER) then inserted into ER lumen where they undergo chemical modification

cells that have lost their ability to undergo cell division, such as....., don't have what?

mature nerve cells centrioles

intermediate filaments: size composition protein function

medium of all three (10nm) keratin and neurofilament (filament) cytoskeleton; hair and nails, protective barrier of skin

cytoplasmic vesicles

membrane bound 2 kinds: secretory and storage

what other structures exhibit hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes

micelle liposome phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane

microscopic double layers (bilayers) of phospholipids with protein molecules inserted in them, separating ICF from ECF.

centrosome

microtubule organizing center assemble tubulin monomers into microtubule polymers contains 2 centrioles

cytoplasmic fiber types

mifrofilaments microtubles intermediate filamens

in ground substance we have

mineralized - bone gelatinous + syrupy - dense/ loose connective tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue watery - blood

four major groups of organelles:

mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and membrane-bound spheres called vesicles

transporting epithelia: cell junctions

moderately tight to very tight junctions. This means that to cross the epithelium, material must move into an epithelial cell on one side of the tissue and out of the cell on the other side.

collagen

most abundant protein in the body (1/3 of bodys *dry weight*) - most diverse of matrix fibers (12 variations) - found almost everywhere connective tissue is found - aggregate to form collagen fibers

paracellular pathway

movement of materials between cells

stratified epithelial

multiple cell layers

motor protein composition

multiple protein chains arranged into three parts - two heads that bind to the cytoskeleton fiber, a neck, and a tail region that is able to bind "cargo,

excitable tissues include... because

muscle and nerve their ability to generate and propagate electrical signals called action potentials

which has more mitochondria muscle or adipose tissue?

muscle; requires more energy

ciliopathies

mutation to ciliary proteins causes disorder ex: polycystic kidney disease loss of vision to cancer

where does the centrosome appear and what does it look like

near nucleus as a region of darkly staining material

what does accumulation of glyco lipids in nerve cells do

nervous system dysfunction, including blindness and loss of coordination

neural tissue cell types

neurons (nerve cells) glial cells (neuroglia)

storage vesicles

never leave cytoplasm

can an isolated pluripotent cell develop into an organism? what about totipotent?

no yes

Peroxisomal disorder disrupt....

normal processing of lipids and can severely disrupt neural function by altering the structure of nerve cell membranes.

cartilage is found in

nose, ears, knee, and windpipe

According to the original fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, membrane proteins could move laterally from location to location, directed by protein fibers that run just under the membrane surface. However, researchers found that....

not all proteins behave this way some integral proteins have restricted movement due to proteins from cytoskeleton anchoring them down making them immobile.

the castle in a cell is

nucleus

internally the cell can be divided into

nucleus and cytoplasm

melanoma

occurs when melanocytes become malignant, often following repeated exposure to UV light. One study found that people who used tanning beds were 24% more likely to develop melanoma.

simple epithelial

one cell thick

Structure of Epithelia

one or more layers of cells connected to one another, with a thin layer of extracellular matrix lying between the epithelial cells and their underlying tissues

hard bone forms when....

osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate in the matrix

exchange epithelial

permit rapid exchange of materials, especially gases

lipids of biological membrane are mostly ____, but also contain

phospholipids sphingolipids cholesterol

which lipid anchored enzyme is almost always associated with a lipid raft

placental alkaline phosphatase

extracellular fluid is further divided into

plasma (fluid portion of blood) interstitial fluid (surrounds most cells of the body)

dividing wall between ECF and ICF

plasma membrane

synonyms for cell membrane

plasma membrane, plasmalemma

intermembrane space of mitochondria

plays an impor- tant role in mitochondrial ATP production,

distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is....

presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing scattered cells that secrete and modify the matrix

Protective epithelia

prevent ex- change between the internal and external environments and protect areas subject to mechanical or chemical stresses

tight junctions in intestines and kidney

prevent most substances from moving freely between the external and internal environments

secretion

process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function by only turning on specific genes

Surface keratinocytes

produce keratin fibers

apoptosis

programmed cell death don't disrupt neighbors when die chromatin in nucleus condenses shrink breaks and digested by neighboring cells or immune cells

transporting epithelia: cell organelles

properties differ depending on where in the body the epithelia are located. ex: glucose can cross the epithelium of the small intestine and enter the extracellular fluid but cannot cross the epithelium of the large intestine.

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

protease secreted by cancer cells to dissolve ectracellular matrix this provokes metasis, scientists are investigating how to stop it

epithelial tissues (epithelial)

protect the internal environment of the body and regulate the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments

Epithelial tissues provide.....

protection and regulate exchange

glycocalyx

protective layer including carbohydrates, found on external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

nucleoli

protein contain the genes and proteins that control the synthesis of RNA for ribosomes

movement in the body happens through

protein fibers and motor proteins

cytoskeleton: cell shape

protein scaffolding of cytoskeleton provides *mechanical strength* and gives cell shape

a great example of how compartmentation allows seperation of function is seen in:

protein synthesis, modification, and packaging

would the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains enzyme for ATP production have more protein or lipid?

protein, a third is proteins

in general, the more metabolically active a membrane is, the more _____ the membrane contains

proteins

most inclusions with functions (other than those used for nutrient storage) are made from

proteins or combination of protein and RNA

motor proteins definition types

proteins that are able to convert stored energy into directed movement. myosins kinesins dynein

basic components of matrix

proteoglycans and insoluble protein fibers

dense connective tissue

provide strength or flexibility ex: tendons, ligaments, sheaths that surround muscles and nerves

connective tissue

provides structural support and physical barrier that help defend body ex: blood, support tissue for skin and internal organs, cartilage and bone

phosphorylation is used to do what in proteins

regulate/alter protein function

exocrine glands

release their secretions to the body's external environment can be to surface of skin or epithelium lining one of the internal passageways (airway of lungs or lumen of intestine) ex: sweat glands, mammary glands in the breast, salivary glands, the liver, and the pancrease

Connective tissue cells can be fixed or mobile in the ECM, where fixed cells are responsible for.... and mobile cells are responsible for....

responsible for local maintenance, tissue repair, and energy storage responsible mainly for defense

free ribosomes

ribosomes suspended in the cytosol

example of exocrine gland that secretes both serous and mucous secretions

salivary gland

cytoplasm: cytosol

same as ICF semi-gelatinous fluid dissolved nutrients proteins ions waste products

The ______ is an excellent example of an organ that incorporates all four types of tissue into an integrated whole.

skin

how do nutrients and oxygen reach cartilage if there's no blood supply?

slow diffusion, which is why damaged cartilage heals slowly

micelles structure

small droplets with a single layer of phospholipids arranged so that the interior of the micelle is filled with hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

lysosomes

small storage vesicles that appear as membrane bound granules in cytoplasm *digestive system of cell* use powerful enzymes to break down bacteria or old organelles if any material can be reused, it'll be dumped back into the cell, else it'll be dumped outside of it

RIbosomes

small, dense granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the direction of cell DNA

all fibers are polymers of

smaller proteins

how can cilia be damaged

smoking paralyzes the ciliated epithelium lining the respiratory tract higher incidence of respiratory infection in smokers, when the mucus that traps bacteria can no longer be swept out of the lungs by the cilia.

lipid anchored proteins are found to be associated with

sphingolipids

thoracic is bound by

spine and ribs on top and sides, with the muscular diaphragm forming the floor

metasis

spread of cancer cells through circulatory system and lymph vessels

types of epithelial cell shape

squamous (flattened) cuboidal columnar

peroxisomes

storage vesicles that are even smaller than lysosomes degrade long- chain fatty acids and potentially toxic foreign molecules process within generate hydrogen peroxide (Toxic molecule), but broken down with catalase within peroxisome

adipocytes

store energy in fat

SER in skeletal muscles

stores calcium ions to be used for muscle contraction

protective epithelia structure

stratified

hemidesmosomes

strong junctions that anchor intermediate fibers to fibrous matrix protein (laminin)

glycolipids and glycoprotein functions include

structural stability cell recognition immune response

purpose of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) ?

structural support (cytoskeleton) and movement

histology

study of tissue structure and function

apical membrane

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces a lumen, such as that of the intestines has microvilli that increase surface area

cells in protective epithelium have a short life span because

subject to bacteria and chemicals

glial cells (neuroglia)

support cells for neurons

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.

examples of things epithelial transfers to environment are

sweat and saliva

Secretory epithelia

synthesize and release secretory products into the external environment or into the blood.

fibroblasts

synthesize extracellular fibers

mitochondrial replication

takes place by budding small daughter mitochondria pinch off from an enlarged parent ex: exercising muscle cells that experience increased energy demands over a period of time may meet the demand for more ATP by increasing the number of mitochondria in their cytoplasm.

which has more restricted movement, ligament or tendon? why?

tendon because they lack elastic fibers, while ligaments have elastic fibers and collagen

epidermis

the skin surface is a mat of linked keratin fibers left behind when old epithelial cells die.

Why do mitochondria contain DNA when other organelles do not?

theory: mitochon- dria are the descendants of bacteria that invaded cells millions of years ago. The bacteria developed a mutually beneficial re- lationship with their hosts and soon became an integral part of the host cells. Supporting evidence for this theory is the fact that our mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and enzymes are similar to those in bacteria but unlike those in our own cell nuclei.

exchange epithelial structure lines..... why? categorized as (simple/stratified) with cell shape of (Squameous/cuboidal/columnar)

thin flattened cells lines blood vessels, heart and lungs; because two major sites of gas exhcnage in the body simple squamous

membranes such as peritoneum, pericardial, and pleural are made of what

thin, translucent layers of cells.

microfilaments: size composition protein function

thinnest of all three (7nm) actin (globular) cytoskeleton; associated with myosin for muscle contraction

what type of cells have more ribosomes than normal?

those that synthesize proteins for *export* out of the cell.

Occluding junctions in vertebrates

tight junctions

blood brain barrier

tight junctions that prevent harmful substances in blood from reaching extracellular fluid of the brain

integral proteins

tightly bound to the membrane and can only be removed through detergents or other harsh methods that destroy membrane integrity ex: transmembrane, lipid-anchored

how are membrane proteins bound to the membrane?

tightly, but not covalently (strong noncovlaent interactions with the tails of the phospholipids

peritoneum

tissue lining (membrane) that lines the abdominal cavity and the organs within it (stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen)

(T/F) A cell with microvilli has at least 20 times the surface area of a cell without them.

true

(T/F) Anchoring and tight junctions both allow movement of solutes from one side to other, tight junctions is just more restrictive

true

(T/F) Connective tissue cells can produce proteoglycans or fibers

true

(T/F) Inclusions are in direct contact with the cytosol

true

(T/F) Most cells that transport materials have numerous mitochondria to provide energy for transport processes

true

(T/F) Some cytoskeleton protein fibers are permanent, but most are synthesized or disassembled according to the cell's needs.

true

(T/F) an individual cell can carry out all the processes of life.

true

(T/F) extracellular material varies from tissue to tissue

true

(T/F) most cells have a single short cilium

true

(T/F) primary cilia play a role during embryonic development

true

(T/F) proteins in the cell membrane hold the cytoskeleton in place to maintain cell shape

true

(T/F) All cells in the body are derived from the single cell formed at conception.

true :O

(T/F) material in the lumen is not truly part of the body's internal environment until it crosses the wall of the organ

true :o

(T/F) mitochondria manufactures own proteins

true; has its own DNA

(T/F) E. coli doesn't harm the body when in large intestine

true; it doesn't affect the body unless a disease causes a puncture in the large intestine and e.coli goes into internal of body

(T/F)vesicles bud off golgi to become lysosomes

true; sometimes

(T/F) the number of mitochondria in a cell is directly related to the cell's energy needs.

trye

Immunoliposomes

use antibodies to recognize specific types of cancer cells and deliver drugs to cells sceintists are treating

serous secretions

watery solutions with enzymes ex: tears, sweat and digestive enzyme solutions