Chapter 3: Culture (Culture, Language, Religion, & Ethnicity)

more homogeneous

Compared to popular cultures, folk cultures are

The Upper Midwest

Which of the following culture regions of the United States has the strongest historical connections to Lutheran Christian traditions?

Adobe house

Which of the following folk architecture styles is ideally suited for a diurnal climate?

An abandoned, industrial landscape

Which of the following provides the clearest example of a derelict landscape?

Ayers Rock

Which of the following sacred places is most closely associated with animism?

Isogloss

Which of the following terms best describes the geographical boundary of one particular linguistic feature?

Cultural imperialism

Which of the following terms refers to one culture's dominance over another culture, often as a result of forceful control?

Zoroastrianism

Which of the religion did NOT originate in the Indian subcontinent?

multiculturalism

Which of the term describes a cultural attitude that is most similar to cosmopolitanism?

Kashmir

Which region is characterised as a zone of conflict between Muslim and Hindu ethnic groups?

Jewish claim to Palestine as their rightful national homeland

Zionism is best defi ned as the

A theme park

Which of the following best illustrates a landscape of consumption?

Relocation

A Hindu temple located in Texas is most likely the result of which kind of diffusion?

Expansion

A Mormon church located in a rural area of northwestern Colorado is most likely the result of which kind of diffusion?

modernity

A broad term that can describe either an industrial or postindustrial era of civilization or a contemporary outlook characterized by a sense of progress and faith in scientific reason and technology is

Cultural trait

A dialect is best classified as which of the following?

Pidgin

A highly simplified language developed between linguistically heterogeneous groups for the purposes of basic intergroup communication is known as which of the following?

cultural ecology

A holistic approach to studying the relationship between a human society and its natural environment is known as

Islam

A minaret is an architectural feature common to places of worship in which religions?

Hierarchical

A new fashion trend originating in New York City that diffuses to Los Angeles, Paris, and Tokyo before reaching rural areas of New York state would be an example of which of the following kinds of diffusion?

protolanguage

A reconstructed language from which a number of related, modern languages all derive is known as a(n)

gender longevity gap

A significant imbalance in the ratio of males to females in age cohorts under 30 in China, a result of the country's one-child policy, could be cited as evidence of all EXCEPT

secularism

A social decline in religious adherence is referred to as

dogtrot house

A vernacular house style, common throughout the American South during the 19th century, that featured a covered breezeway situated between two enclosed cabins is known as

Mandarin

All of the following belong to the Indo-European language family EXCEPT

acculturation

An immigrant who selectively adopts certain customs of the dominant host society in order to advance socioeconomically, while still retaining much of his or her native customs, practices, and beliefs, best illustrates the concept of

ghetto

An urban ethnic enclave that is held together by external forces of discrimination and marginalization, as well as by internal forces of community identity and ethnic solidarity, is known as a(n)

Afro-Asiatic

Arabic, which spread westward with the diffusion of Islam, is part of which of the following language families?

East to west

Historically, cultural diffusion patterns in the United States have tended to fl ow in which general direction?

jihad

In Islam the religious practice of "sacred struggle" is known as

Chad

In which countries is one most likely to encounter speakers whose native tongue belongs to the Saharan language family?

Saudi Arabia

In which of the following countries are inhabitants subject to Sharia law?

Kazakhstan

In which of the following countries is one most likely to find speakers whose native language belongs to the Uralic language family?

landmarks and nodes

Individuals' cognitive abilities to orient themselves in and navigate through familiar spaces are often aided by points of reference and points of intersection, which are respectively known as

enclave

Lesotho, an independent state whose territorial borders are entirely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa, is an example of a(n)

Japan

Shinto, a set of rituals and customs that are practiced in order to connect with ancient spirits, is a religious tradition that belongs to which nation?

(A) syncretic religion

Taoism, which represents a blend of indigenous folk beliefs and exogenous Buddhist beliefs that diffused eastward from India, is best characterized as a

Functional culture region

Telecommunication networks, whose areas of service radiate outward from central hubs, or nodes, best represent which of the following types of culture region?

Sequent occupance

The Alhambra, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in southern Spain, is an elaborate palace that exhibits a blend of Islamic and Christian architectural influences. It was originally built by Muslim Moors in the 14th century, then later renovated by Catholic monarchs in the 16th century, following the reconquest of Spain. These cumulative influences evident throughout its landscape illustrate the concept of

Germanic

The English language belongs to which of the following branches of the Indo-European language family?

Quebec

The Norman cottage is a distinct style of vernacular architecture that was introduced to North America through relocation diffusion and that is modeled after an architectural style native to the Normandy region of France. Given this information, which of the following regions of North America is most likely to feature the Norman cottage?

Vernacular

The Sunbelt and New England are two examples of which kind of culture region?

Buddhism

The concept of nirvana is most closely associated with which religion?

representation

The concept that best emphasizes how landscapes are mediated by perceptual biases, social values, and cultural beliefs is

speech community

The concept that specifically refers to a group of people who all speak a common language or dialect is known as a

barriers to diffusion

The country of Papua New Guinea boasts one of the world's highest rates of linguistic diversity, with more than 800 documented indigenous languages. Th is linguistic diversity has been preserved largely because of the country's rugged geography, which includes mountains and islands that have tended to keep different speech communities isolated from one another. In the context of Papua New Guinea's geography of language, mountains and islands represent

(A) The five standard elements of mental mapping are paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Paths refer to the linear conduits along which people move within a particular space. Paths typically represent routes for getting from place to place. Examples of paths include streets, trails, and sidewalks. Alternatively, edges refer to the linear boundaries that define the limits of a particular space. Examples of edges include fences, walls, and other types of physical barriers. Next, districts refer to thematic areas within a particular space that have a definable character or identity. Examples could include such areas as entertainment districts or recreational districts. Nodes, on the other hand, refer to important places of gathering, in which people interact or congregate. These include restaurants, busy street intersections, and city squares. Finally, landmarks refer to physical points of reference that help individuals orient themselves in a particular space. Examples of landmarks include clock towers, unusual buildings, or more subjective places where a particularly memorable event took place. (B) Each of the five standard elements of cognitive mapping are evident in Sandra's mental representation of her community. Edges are thematically represented by the jagged, or sawtooth, lines that occur along the perimeter of the map. These edges occur along the busy highway, the dense forest, and the old cow pasture that is off limits. Paths are represented by the solid lines that link different places together within Sandra's cognitive map. These paths include Main Street as well as the smaller streets and trails that are evident in her map. Landmarks are represented by triangles, which Sandra uses to represent important points of reference in her community. These landmarks include the flagpole, the big pine tree, the place where she was stung by a bee, the castle-style house, and the middle and high schools that are visible from Sandra's own school. Sandra represents nodes with solid black circles, to indicate the places where she interacts with others on a regular basis. These include the playground, the duck pond, the bus stop, the elementary school, as well as the houses where she and her friends live. Finally Sandra represents districts with an enclosed dashed line. Th ere are two districts in Sandra's map, one that is likely a park district and the other that is likely a school district. (C) Cognitive maps significantly differ from more objective cartographic representations of space in several ways. First, cognitive maps are more likely to be selectively biased , meaning that they arbitrarily highlight the presence of certain features while completely omitting the presence of other features. For instance, in Sandra's map only the houses that are personally significant to Sandra are represented while all others are omitted. Second, cognitive maps are more likely to be not to scale , meaning that the relative sizes of certain features, as well as the relative distances between different features, are not consistent with their actual sizes and distances in the real world.

The following figure is a cognitive map created by "Sandra, " a 10-year-old girl who lives in a suburban community in the United States. (Refer to Figure 1 in this link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oyZ0bYGpAtT2YjYS-KXFELWDSAHiA4wZvyTEhWPD-Og/edit?usp=sharing (A) Briefly define the five standard elements of cognitive mapping: path, district, edge, node, and landmark. Cite a few examples for each element to illustrate your explanation. (B) Describe how each of these five elements is thematically represented in Sandra's mental map. (C) Briefl y explain two major ways that cognitive maps differ from more objective cartographic representations of space.

ethnocentrism

The habit of evaluating other cultures' customs, beliefs, and practices according to the limited perspective of one's own culture is known as

(A) The three primary kinds of cultural regions studied in human geography are formal, functional, and vernacular culture regions. Formal cultural regions are geographical areas defi ned by the relatively homogeneous presence of one or more distinct cultural traits. An area in which the majority of inhabitants share the same language, dialect, religious beliefs, ethnic identity, and/ or political affiliations would constitute a formal culture region. For example, the area along the United States-Mexico border, in which the cultural traits of Spanish language and Catholic religion are common, is often referred to as a Hispanic formal culture region. Alternatively, functional cultural regions are areas defi ned by functional integrity, or the ability of the area to operate as a unifi ed social, economic, or political unit. Examples of functional cultural regions include such territorial entities as states, counties, or cities, which have determinate boundaries inside of which certain rights, privileges, services, duties, and laws are provided. Finally, vernacular cultural regions are relatively subjective areas loosely defi ned according to certain popular attitudes, beliefs, or stereotypes about the cultural, historical, or physical identity of a general area. Examples of vernacular culture regions in the United States include New England in the Northeast, Dixie in the South, and Appalachia, a popular culture region that roughly corresponds to the southern part of the Appalachian Mountain chain. (B) No single approach to classifying cultural regions is perfect, and each offers certain advantages and drawbacks. One advantage of the formal cultural region approach is that it allows geographers to measure the geographical domain or extent of specific cultural traits or cultural complexes. However, one drawback is that the boundaries, or extent, of a particular cultural trait or complex are rarely ever able to be absolutely determined. Rather, these boundaries may be seen to gradually fade away as one moves farther away from the core of a particular formal region. Alternatively, with respect to the functional culture region approach, one of the main advantages is that the limits or boundaries of this region can be defi ned according to where the functional unit's jurisdiction ends. However, one of the drawbacks of the functional approach is that it yields little information about cultural patterns within this purely functional system. Finally, with regard to vernacular cultural regions, one advantage is that this approach recognizes popular regional identities that already exist among culture groups. By focusing on vernacular culture regions, geographers may understand how sense of place informs inhabitants' sense of identity. However, one major disadvantage to the vernacular approach is that there is no objective way to mea-sure the extent of a particular vernacular region. Instead, this type of region is subjectively defi ned, meaning that its perceived boundaries and location are likely to vary somewhat from person to person.

The idea that the earth's surface can be territorially divided into different cultural regions offers an effective approach for organizing space in human geography. Yet despite the effectiveness of the cultural region approach, there is clearly no one right way to organize geographies of culture into distinct regions. (A) Define the three major kinds of cultural regions studied in human geography: formal, functional, and vernacular. Provide at least one example for each definition. (B) Briefly explain one advantage and one drawback to organizing space according to each of these cultural region approaches.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam, to which as many as 80 percent of all Muslims belong, is called

structural assimilation

The persistence of ethnic urban enclaves in major American cities could be cited as evidence to support all of the following phenomena EXCEPT

hearth

The place or area where a cultural practice originates is known as a

lingua franca

The predominance of English as the preferred language spoken at many international business meetings and political summits could be cited to support the claim that English is a popular

religious proscription

The prohibition that forbids Hindus from slaughtering or consuming beef is an example of a(n)

Indian Subcontinent

The religious doctrine of ahimsa , which discourages violence against other living beings, is best associated with which of the following regions?

Ireland

Which country was the site of violent religious conflicts between Catholic and Protestant Christian groups throughout much of the 20th century?

Ganges River

Which is a sacred place in the Hindu religion?

polytheism

Which is not a common trait in Muslim regions of the world

the Dome of the Rock

Which is not an iconic, secular landscape?

bluegrass gospel songs

Which isn't an artifact of folk culture in North America

Christianity

Which of religion is most closely associated with proselytism?

Hinduism

The term caste refers to a particular system of social stratification that is informed by which religion?

love of place

The term topophilia is defined as

processes of gentrification

The term white flight is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

Russia

The toponyms Leninskoye and Stalinsk are most likely to be found in which country?

Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European

The two largest language families in the world, in terms of absolute numbers of speakers, are

Louisiana and Quebec

Two prominent French ethnic islands in North America are historically located in which areas?

Constructed languages like Esperanto also fit within the definition of a language isolate.

What isn't true about language isolates like Basque and Ainu

Mayan

Which Amerindian languages corresponds to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico?

Lincoln, NE

Which U.S. city best belongs in a vernacular culture region known as the Corn Belt?

The Balkan Peninsula

Which area describes a conflict region between various ethnic groups, including Serbs, Albanians, and Bosnians?

San Jose

Which best belongs in a formal culture region defined by common traits of Catholicism and Spanish language?