Chapter 3 Final

Protein Fibers of the Cell

- Cytoskeleton - Centrioles - Cilia - Flagella

Inclusions of the Cell

- Lipid Droplets - Glycogen Granules - Ribosomes

The cell membrane is made up of many different kinds of proteins. These proteins can be classified as either peripheral, transmembrane, or lipid-anchored proteins. Regardless of their classification, these proteins all play an important role in the function and integrity of a cell. Which of the following properly describes the function of membrane proteins?

- to provide structural stability for the cell - to combine with a carbohydrate, providing an immune response and/or cell recognition - to allow for cell-cell communication - to serve as a channel for the transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid

____19) The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ adipose (fat) cells. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

A

____62) Sketch a cell membrane. Label at least three components and briefly explain what each one does.

SEE DRAWING

____18) Peroxisomes A) use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. B) are a type of lysosome. C) are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. D) are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. E) All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

A

____20) The control center for cellular operations is the A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgi complex. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) ribosomes.

A

____31) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are A) endocrine glands. B) mixed glands. C) exocrine glands. D) unicellular glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

____33) Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True B) False

A

____45) The simplest cell-cell junction is called a(n) A) gap junction. B) tight junction. C) anchoring junction. D) desmosome. E) neuromuscular junction.

A

____48) Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue? A) cartilage B) bone C) loose connective tissue D) fat E) blood

A

____5) Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? A) lysosome B) cilia C) centriole D) ribosome E) cytoskeleton

A

____52) Cells are transformed into specialized units during A) differentiation. B) mitosis. C) apoptosis. D) transcription. E) programed cell death.

A

____55) The study of tissue structure and function is called A) histology. B) plasticity. C) differentiation. D) physiology. E) remodeling.

A

____58) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. A) Endocrine B) Exocrine C) Mucous D) Serous E) Ribosomal

A

____6) The thickest protein fibers from the following group are A) microtubules. B) neurofilaments. C) microfilaments. D) myosin molecules. E) keratin filaments.

A

____68) Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.

A

____72) Mitochondria are considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle B) transmembrane protein C) inclusion D) cytoskeletal protein E) glycolipid

A

____74) The endoplasmic reticulum is considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle B) adheren C) inclusion D) mitochondrial protein E) glycocalyx

A

____39) The term meaning "programmed cell death" is A) necrosis. B) apoptosis. C) oncogenesis. D) diuresis. E) cytocide.

B

____37) Cells that store fat are called A) fibroblasts. B) liposomes. C) adipocytes. D) mast cells. E) melanocytes.

C

____21) The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) microvilli D) lysosomes

B

____41) The heaviest organ in the body is the A) liver. B) brain. C) skin. D) stomach. E) urinary bladder.

C

____24) Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. A) transcellular B) paracellular C) metacellular D) transendothelial E) cisendothelial

B

____35) The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called A) basolateral epithelium. B) endothelium. C) luteal cells. D) the vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

____15) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) Golgi complex for packaging. C) lysosome for modification. D) cell membrane for secretion. E) nucleus for cellular use.

B

Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid?

Plasma and interstitial fluid

____40) Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as A) cells. B) organs. C) organelles. D) organisms. E) Impossible to tell from the information given.

B

____44) This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

B

____46) This junction contributes to the blood-brain barrier. A) gap junction B) tight junction C) anchoring junction D) desmosome E) neuromuscular junction

B

____49) Which of the following plays a role in temperature regulation in infants? A) cartilage B) brown fat C) collagen D) bone E) white fat

B

____54) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as A) cytoplasm. B) extracellular matrix. C) blood. D) mucous. E) micelles.

B

____59) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. A) Nuclear B) Transmembrane C) Cytoskeletal D) Peripheral E) Glycolipid

B

____61) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. A) Epidermis B) Glycocalyx C) Connective tissue D) Focal Adhesion E) Cadherin

B

____65) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein (peptide) hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies

B

____66) The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called ________ tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) muscle tissue and neural E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial

B

____69) Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase ones use of energy. Why is this? A) Fat is a connective tissue and not an excitable one. B) Muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells. C) Adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions. D) Fat cells have no blood supply.

B

____71) Only totipotent stem cells are capable of producing new cells in an adult. A) True B) False

B

1. Two rows of phospholipids that form a sheet with tails facing each other and heads on either side facing the aqueous solution

Bilayer

____13) Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) fatty acids B) steroids C) proteins D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER.

C

____14) All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) mitochondrial cristae. D) storage vesicles. E) All are involved in cellular storage.

C

____16) If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to A) synthesize lipids. B) produce enzymes. C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. D) destroy H2O2. E) transport water-soluble molecules.

C

____17) Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? A) air B) water C) acid D) enzymes E) base

C

____27) Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? A) gap B) tight C) anchoring

C

____28) Each of the following is a primary tissue type EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

C

____30) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia or flagella C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) vesicles

C

____34) The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. C) increase the cell's surface area. D) increase the toughness of the cell. E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.

C

____43) This is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

C

____47) Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix dominants this tissue. A) cartilage B) bone C) loose connective tissue D) fat E) blood

C

____50) Nucleoli function in the production of A) peroxisomes. B) secretory vesicles. C) RNA for ribosomes. D) DNA that controls all cell functions. E) proteins.

C

____56) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called A) nuclear pores. B) cell junctions. C) glands. D) ducts. E) micelles.

C

____67) The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. B) that it is always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. C) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D) the collagen fibers that offer support. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique.

C

____70) Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle(s)? A) nucleus B) endoplasmic reticulum C) centrioles D) ribosomes E) Golgi bodies

C

____9) Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective A) mitochondria. B) Golgi bodies. C) lysosomes. D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

C

____10) Microvilli are found A) mostly in muscle cells. B) on the inside of cell membranes. C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

D

____12) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) fatty acids C) steroids D) RNA E) phospholipids

D

If you are a cytologist screening for cancerous cells in a pap smear sample, what would you be looking for?

large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm

____25) All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) gap junctions D) loose junctions E) adherens junctions

D

____26) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be A) cuboidal epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) stratified squamous epithelium. E) transitional epithelium.

D

____29) Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) producing specialized secretions. D) storing energy reserves. E) movement.

D

____38) Loose connective tissue functions in A) supporting small glands. B) supporting epithelia. C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. D) All of the answers are correct.

D

____51) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through A) plasmalemma. B) desmosomes. C) sodium channels. D) nuclear pores. E) nucleoli.

D

____57) ________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. A) Nuclear B) Hormonal C) Microtubular D) Exocrine E) Endocrine

D

____60) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. A) Nuclear B) Transmembrane C) Cytoskeletal D) Peripheral E) Glycolipid

D

____63) Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) All of the answers are correct.

D

____64) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? A) The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. B) The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. C) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. D) Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. E) Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell.

D

____8) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

D

____1) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A) respond to extracellular molecules B) creating junctions between cells C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

E

____11) Microtubules A) are composed of tubulin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) form cilia that aid in cell movement. D) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

____2) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? A) the absorption of fats only B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only E) the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

E

____22) If the adrenal cortex produces lipid-based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

E

____23) The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) All of the answers are correct.

E

____3) A liposome is A) only an additive to creams and lotions. B) only a drug-delivery vehicle. C) only a type of lipid. D) only a structural component of cell membranes. E) an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.

E

____32) Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) release their secretions into the external environment. C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. E) All of the statements are true.

E

____36) Functions of connective tissue include A) establishing a structural framework for the body. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) providing protection for delicate organs. D) storing energy reserves. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

____4) Intermediate filaments A) provide the cell with strength. B) stabilize the position of organelles. C) transport materials within the cytoplasm. D) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

____42) These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

E

____53) _____ is the extracellular component of connective tissues. A) Cytoplasm B) Blood C) Mucous D) Cartilage E) Ground substance

E

____7) Ribosomal RNA is formed by A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli.

E

____73) Cilia are considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle B) adheren C) inclusion D) mitochondrial protein E) protein fiber

E

Which of the following statements best describes cancer?

It is a rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells

A double membrane droplet containing proteins along the center and an aqueous core

Liposomes

Droplets of phospholipids containing a lipid core/center

Micelles

Membranous Organelles of the Cell

Mitochondria ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Peroxisome

Upon looking at a tissue sample, you see all the signs indicative of epithelial cell dysplasia. Can you conclude with certainty that the sample is cancerous?

No, trauma as well as HPV infection can cause cellular abnormalities, which are not necessarily cancerous.

If you were to throw many phospholipids into an aqueous solution, which of the following would you observe?

Phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient away from each other, with the phosphate heads facing either the extracellular or intracellular fluid and the tails facing each other.

You have discovered a new species and are interested in understanding the dynamics of the organism's cell membrane. After extracting a sample of the cell membrane from a gut epithelial cell as well as from a skeletal muscle cell, you find the following ratios of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in each cell. Based on the data presented in the table above, which of the following conclusions can you make regarding the function of each of these cells? Choose the best answer.

The gut cell is more active in comparison to the skeletal muscle cell because it has more proteins

Which cytoskeletal protein allows for intracellular transport of organelles?

Tubulin (Microtubule)

You decide to further analyze the nature of the proteins found within the membrane of the skeletal muscle cell that you extracted. You find that this cell lacks transmembrane proteins. Which loss of function would you expect to observe in this cell based on this observation?

an inability to transport ions, nutrients, and other substances across the membrane

Which of the following phrases best defines something that is hydrophobic? A substance that _______.

does not mix with water

Megan goes in to see her oncologist (a doctor that specializes in cancer). He tells her that the cancer is no longer isolated to her ovaries but has moved to her lungs, digestive organs, and lymph nodes. What is this condition defined as?

metastasis

What is the importance of having routine pap tests?

to screen for potentially cancerous cells