Chapter 3

Sumerians moved into southern Mesopotamia 3000 BC Sumerians developed worlds first civilization(Sumer)

An Advance Society

Architecture - the science of building Rulers live in large place two-story homes and about a dozen rooms Poor people live in one story homes six to seven rooms around a small courtyard Ziggurat- a pyramid shape temple tower

Architecture

Statues of God created for temples Pottery known for quantity than quality Cylinder seals - Sumer most famous artwork Cylinder seals use to sign documents or to create other clay objects, some seals showed battle scenes others showed worship rituals

Art

Most Sumerians were farmers Rural - countryside Urban - city 2000 BC = 100,000 people or more City-state- Consisted of a city and all the countryside around it(Kish,Uruk,King,Ur)

City-states of Sumer

Basins stored water Built up sides of rivers Irrigation - a way of supplying water to an area of land Canals - human made waterways

Controlling Water

Irrigation worked Surplus- more than you need Less farmers = job specialization Division of labor - worker specializes in a particular task Division of labor= government and rules(laws)

Food Surpluses

Brought all of Mesopotamia into his empire(Babylonian Empire) Oversaw many buildings and irrigation projects and improve Babylon's tax collection system Hammurabi's Code- a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life If a rich man was injured it brought greater penalty than a injured poor man Babylon= most important city in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi's Code

Armies battle each other for fertile land

Invasions of Mesopotamia

Calculated area of triangles and rectangles System based on the number 60 Circles were divided by 360° Catalog their medicine knowledge about the symptoms and what it's for Wrote long list to record their study of the natural world

Math/Science

Eheduanna wrote hymns to goddesses Inanna She was the first known female writer in history

Men and Women in Sumer

The religion played a huge role in Sumerian society

Religion Shape Society

Akkadians live north of Sumer spoke different language and live in peace Sargon sought to extend Akkadian territory 2300s BC Akkad is on the Euphrates River Sargon conquer Sumer and northern Mesopotamia(ruler for more than 50 years) Empire - land with different territories and people under a single ruler Ur conquered the rest of Mesopotamia Defeated all city states of Sumer(had the first permanent army; Sargon)

Rise of the Akkadians empire

Early people settled where crops would grow This region was well suited for farming Region in Southwest Asia between two rivers

Rivers Support the Growth of Civilization

Polytheism - the worship of many gods Priests- people who performed religious ceremonies

Sumerian Religion

Social hierarchy - the division of society by rank or class Kings, priest, crafts people, farmers, slaves

Sumerian Social Order

Most important development was the wheel Plows was an important invention Oxon plows broke through hard clay soul to prepare for planting

Technical Advances

Cities develop 4000-3000 BC Most people still farmed

The Appearance of Cities

Later 1200 BC the Assyrians from northern Mesopotamia briefly gain control of Babylon Took about 300 years to recover their strength Not hundred BC they began to conquer all of the Fertile Crescent(even parts of Asia minor and Egypt) Before attacking they spread terror by looting villages and burning crops After conquering the Fertile Crescent they ruled from Nineveh

The Assyrians

2000 BC Ur lay in ruins

The Babylonians Conquer Mesopotamia

652 series of wars broke out to see who should rule Assyrian empire Chaldeans - group from the Assyrian desert led people in an attack on the Assyrians 612 BC they destroy the night Nineveh in the Assyrian empire Nebuchadnezzar(Chaldeans most famous King) Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city Nebuchadnezzar palace feature the famous Hanging Gardens Chaldeans admired Sumerian culture Babylon became center of astronomy Charted positions of stars and kept track of economic, political, and weather events Create a calendar and solve complex problems of geometry

The Chaldeans

Expert sailors Phoenicia built one of the worlds first harbors at the city of Tyre Found several new colonies along their trade routes Carthage located on the northern coast of Africa = most famous colony Carthage later became the most powerful city on the Mediterranean Phoenician purple fabric was very popular with rich people Phoenician traders develop one of the worlds first alphabets Alphabet - a set of letters that can be combined to form words Alphabet made writing much easier Major impact on ancient world and our own The alphabet we use for English language is based on the Phoenicians, as modified by later civilization

The Expansion of Trade

Mountains border the region north and east Western border = Mediterranean Cedar trees were prized for their timber, a valuable trade I item It's overland trade routes were blocked by mountains and hostile neighbors Had to look to the sea a way to trade

The Geography of Phoenicia

Hittites= built strong kingdom in Asia minor and what today is Turkey Hittites were among the first to master ironworking Chariot-a wheeled horse drawn cart used in battle Hittites forces captured Babylon around 1595 BC Hittites King was killed by a assassin Kassites Live north of Babylon, captured the city and ruled for almost 400 years

The Hittites and Kassites

Mesopotamia - Between two rivers(Tigris and Euphrates) Mesopotamia lies between Asia minor in Persian Gulf Fertile Crescent - large arc of rich or fertile farmland Northern Mesopotamia - mountains and plateau Southern Mesopotamia - low-lying plains (crops)

The Land Between the Rivers

Located at the western end of the Fertile Crescent along the Mediterranean sea Not good military power in was often rule by foreign governments(wealthy trading society)

The Phoenicians

Located on the Euphrates River near what today is Baghdad,Iraq 1800 BC home to a powerful government of its own 1792 BC Hammurabi become Babylon's king Monarch - a ruler of a kingdom or empire

The Rise of Babylon

Two rivers flooded bringing slit Slit - mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks(helped farming) 7000 BC farming settlements (grew wheat, livestock) Farming word leading the population growth

The Rise of Civilization

Cuneiform - the worlds first system of writing Pictograph - picture symbols Epic - long poem about a hero

Writing