chapter 3

without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called _______, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

the bolus slides down this tube, called the ___________, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

Part D - Digestive Disorders of the GI TractPart complete In this activity, you will sort the digestive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract according to the organ in which the disorder primarily occurs. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

esophagus: heartburn stomach: gastric ulcer small intestine: celiac disease large intestine: irritable bowel syndrome constipation

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________

facilitated diffusion

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the

gallbladder

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called

gastroesophageal reflux(GER)

the bolus passes through the __________ into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

gastroesophageal sphincter

The neuromuscular system regulates activities of the _________.

gastrointestinal tract

Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by autoimmune reactions in response to consumption of _________.

gluten

A food allergy is a(n) _______ reaction of the immune system.

hypersensitivity

The ________ prompts hunger in response to various signals.

hypothalamus

chime passes through the ______ that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

ileocecal valve

Where in your body does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

small intestine

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

Part C - Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Digestive EnzymesPart complete A key objective in this chapter is to identify the major enzymes in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the organs that secrete them. This activity requires you to match the enzyme with the secreting organ(s).

stomach: pepsin pancreas: pancreatic proteases more than one organ: amylase lipase

The process by which a person's body breaks down foods into molecules is called __________.

digestion

The process by which a persons body breaks down foods into molecules is called ____.

digestion

The tiny blood vessels located in each villus that absorb water-soluble nutrients into the bloodstream are ________.

Capillaries

Which two enzymes are produced by more than one organ?

- Amylase - Lipase

what disorder primarily affects the large intestine?

- Constipation - Irritable bowel syndrome

which disorders primarily affect the esophagus?

- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Heartburn

What enzyme does the stomach secrete?

- Pepsin

Pancreas

- Produces insulin - Produces pancreatic lipase

Bicarbonate

- Secreted by the pancreas, this secretion acts to neutralize acids in the chyme

Stomach

- Secretes the hormone gastrin - Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Digestion, absorption, and elimination are complex and integrative processes. Each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), plays an important role. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about digestive organs. Select all that apply.

- The sphincter at the end of the esophagus that relaxes to allow the passage of food into the stomach is known as the gastroesophageal sphincter. - The large intestine stores digestive mass while absorbing water and some nutrients. - The majority of digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

Bile

- This secretion is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder - This secretion acts to emulsify fats

The specialized structure of the villi allows for efficient absorption of digested nutrients, which are then transported throughout the body. Review the accompanying figure and label the targets accordingly. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used. (top left to bottom to top right to bottom)

- Villi - Microvilli - Capillaries - Lacheal - Brush border - Enterocyte

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

1. Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach

2. The secretions called saliva are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

3. During mastication, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

4. When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called bile to break up the large fat globules.

5. Without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called the epiglottis, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

6. Chyme passes through the ileocecal valve that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

7. The bolus passes through the gastroesophageal sphincter into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

8. The bolus slides down this tube, called the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct? (a) Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. (b) The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. (c) The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. (d) All of these statements are correct.

All of these statements are correct.

The collective team for the carpet of microvilli that covers the enterocytes of the small intestine is the _____.

Brush border

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the __, the villi and the microvilli.

Circular folds

The first section of the small intestine, receiving chime from the stomach, is called the_____.

Duodenum

The absorptive cells that line the wall of the intestine are called____

Enterocytes

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

False

what disorder primarily affects the stomach?

Gastric ulcer

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decreases , increase

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the _____.

Ileum

The middle portion of the small intestine is called the _______.

Jejunum

Each villus contains a lymphatic vessel called a _______ that absorbs fat-soluble nutrients in the lymph fluid.

Lacteal

The brush border in the small intestine is made up of ___________.

Microvilli

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an enterocyte and contribute to the increased surface are of the small intestine are called____

Microvilli

What enzyme does the pancreas secrete?

Pancreatic proteases

What causes an individual to feel hungry?

Receiving signals from nerve cells and hormones.

Proteases

Secreted by the pancreas, these enzymes act to digest proteins.

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

Solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

The need and desire to eat are influenced by a variety of factors, including our nerve cells, hormones, and environmental cues. Choose the statement below that correctly describes hunger, satiation, and/or appetite.

The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that signals hunger and satiation to the body.

Where is the majority of gastrointestinal flora found?

The large intestine.

Pancreatic Amylase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest carbohydrates.

Pancreatic Lipase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest lipids

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport

True - Active transport, which requires the combination of energy and a carrier to promote absorption against a concentration gradient, is the process by which nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are absorbed.

the finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called____.

Villi

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

The human body is organized into the following structural levels (smallest to largest)

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems.

when fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called _____ to break up the large fat globules.

bile

Part E - Malabsorption in the GI TractPart complete Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Each component of the body joins together with other components. As these components increase in complexity, they perform integrated and more advanced functions in digestion and absorption. Choose the statement below that lists the structural components of the body in order from smallest to largest.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

The smallest living, functioning units of the body are _____.

cells

The earliest phase of digestion is called the ___ phase.

cephalic

What meal provides the highest satiety value?

chicken sandwich on whole-wheat bun

Gallbladder

concentrates and stores bile

Immediately after a meal, ghrelin levels ______; high levels of ghrelin ______ hunger.

decrease, increase

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decrease, increase

Food allergies are _______ than food intolerances, and potentially ________ .

less common, more serious

Water-soluble nutrients stored in blood are routed directly from the small intestine through the portal vein to the

liver

during ______, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

mastication

A cell's boundary is defined by its _________.

membrane

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

this large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. this accessory organ is called the ______.

pancreas

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called ____________________ , which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

peristalsis

Liver

produces bile

DNA, which is found in the nucleus of cells, provides instructions for cells to make ______.

proteins

The nutrient with the highest satiety value is ____

proteins

Appetite is a(n) ______ desire to consume specific foods.

psychological

Disorders of the neuromuscular system, infections, allergies, genetics, and environmental factors can disturb gastrointestinal functioning. Common gastrointestinal disorders and diseases include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and constipation. Complete the statement about gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ___________.

results when too much gastric juice regularly backs up into the lower esophagus, causing heartburn several times per week

the secretions called _______ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

saliva

What is the first enzyme that starts to digest food?

salivary amylase

Accessory organs of digestion include the gallbladder, pancreas, and liver, each of which has a specific role in the chemical digestion of food. Complete the statement about the pancreas. The pancreas ____________.

secretes bicarbonate

Part B - Secretions and Functions of the GI Tract and Accessory Organs

stomach: secretes hormone gastrin secretes hydrochloric acid(HCI) gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile liver: produces bile pancreas: produces insulin produces pancreatic lipase

A majority of food is digested in _____.

the duodenum

One of the accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract is _____.

the pancreas

Cells join together to form sheets or cords of cells called _______.

tissues

A diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

true