Chapter 3- quiz

____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field. 1) PET scans 2) EEGs 3) MRIs 4) CT scans

3) MRIs

____ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research. a) Construct b) Discriminant c) Face d) Convergent

a) Construct

To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____. a) EEG b) CT scan c) PET scan d) MRI

a) EEG

____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism. a) MRIs a) PET scans c) CT scans d) EEGs

a) PET scans

_____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period. a) Prevalence b) Comorbidity c) Incidence d) Comortality

a) Prevalence

Which statement about case studies is false? a) They use controlled methods without biases. b) They are rich in detail and provide valuable insights. c) They involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child. d) They usually study rare childhood disorders.

a) They use controlled methods without biases.

The fact that vulnerable populations often feel pressure to participate in research studies is a factor relating to which ethical concern? a) Voluntary participation b) Informed consent and assent c) Confidentiality and anonymity d) Nonharmful procedures

a) Voluntary participation

The ______ of research findings is what advances the field of psychology. a) accumulation b) standardization c) validity d) reliability

a) accumulation

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____. a) comorbidity b) multidiagnosis c) comortality d) multifinality

a) comorbidity

Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____. a) cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior b) limited amount of assessment tools available for children c) vague information often given by children d) difference in psychological theories

a) cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions. a) efficacy b) effectiveness c) validity d) reliability

a) efficacy

In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development. a) longitudinal b) between groups c) cross-sectional d) cohort

a) longitudinal

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____. a) never be used b) only be used when the researcher is very careful c) only be used when necessary d) only be used when a parent gives consent

a) never be used

Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders. a) rate and expression b) termination c) pervasiveness d) outcome

a) rate and expression

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____. a) risk factor b) predictive factor c) epidemiological factor d) protective factor

a) risk factor

Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by ____. a) using multiple methods and strategies b) using only one strategy c) using case studies d) utilizing rigorous experiments

a) using multiple methods and strategies

Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____. a) war veterans b) children c) adult women d) college students

b) children

When evaluating whether claims are scientifically believable, each of the following is a difference between science and pseudoscience EXCEPT: a) how evidence is presented. b) how evidence is organized. c) how evidence is obtained. d) the quality of evidence.

b) how evidence is organized.

Maturation is a threat to ____. a) external validity b) internal validity c) interrater reliability d) convergent validity

b) internal validity

Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____. a) convergent validity b) interrater reliability c) internal consistency d) discriminant validity

b) interrater reliability

The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology. a) samples of convenience b) randomly selected samples c) reliable measures d) valid measures

b) randomly selected samples

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be a) standardized. b) reliable. c) valid. d) effective.

b) reliable.

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies. a) case b) retrospective c) analogue d) cohort

b) retrospective

A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children. a) distributed b) standardized c) valid d) reliable

b) standardized

Research into risk and protective factors requires that large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____. a) the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance b) the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop c) a high percentage of children who are at risk will develop the disorder d) the areas of child functioning that will be affected are known in advance

b) the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another. a) Criterion b) Convergent c) Discriminant d) Construct

c) Discriminant

A measurement method that is highly structured with no opportunity for probes or clarification would be which of the following? a) Interview b) Observation c) Questionnaire d) Clinical observation

c) Questionnaire

____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups. a) Predetermined distribution b) Natural assignment c) Random assignment d) Manual distribution

c) Random assignment

____ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions. a) Efficacy studies b) Correlational studies c) Randomized controlled trials d) Case studies

c) Randomized controlled trials

To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ____. a) validity b) reliability c) effectiveness d) efficacy

c) effectiveness

A limitation of psychophysiological measures is ____. a) deception by the child b) poor interrater reliability c) high level of inference for interpretation d) inappropriateness with young children

c) high level of inference for interpretation

Qualitative data are typically collected by ____. a) forced choice survey questions b) already developed observational and assessment tools c) open-ended interviewing and observations d) controlled and structured interviewing

c) open-ended interviewing and observations

Qualitative research ____. a) provides a numerical approach to understanding research b) uses normed assessment tools c) provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation d) uses statistical analysis

c) provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies. a) case b) cohort c) retrospective d) analogue

c) retrospective

The fact that effects of parental conflict and divorce may not surface immediately but rather years later is an example of ____. a) risk factor b) mediating variable c) sleeper effect d) correlate

c) sleeper effect

____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize. a) Retrospective b) Cohort c) Circumscribed d) Analogue

d) Analogue

Which of the following is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions? a) Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) b) Functional MRI c) Functional connectivity MRI d) Diffusion MRI

d) Diffusion MRI

______ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. a) Comorbidity b) Prevalence c) Comortality d) Incidence

d) Incidence

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____. a) efficacy studies b) regression analysis c) correlation studies d) epidemiological research

d) epidemiological research

In an A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for ____. a) behavior b) observation c) baseline d) intervention

d) intervention

Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs. a) between group b) experimental c) cross-sectional d) longitudinal

d) longitudinal

In ___________________, comparisons are made between conditions or treatments that already exist. a) correlational studies b) real-time prospective designs c) retrospective design d) natural experiments

d) natural experiments

In ____ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time. a) cross-sectional b) between group c) analogue d) within group

not b) between group not d) within group

Questions about ________ are complicated because what qualifies varies according to the variables of interest as well as the causal chain. a) effects b) risks c) causes d) correlates

not b) risks not d) correlates

If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex will be a ____. a) moderating variable b) protective factor c) risk factor d) mediating variable

not c) risk factor not d) mediating variable

The process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a(n) ____ variable. a) moderating b) mediating c) comorbid d) correlated

not d) correlated

Mediator variables are those that ____. a) predict the relationship among variables b) have an independent effect on the existing relationship among variables c) refer to the process through which a variable produces an outcome d) influence the direction or strength of the relationship between variables

not d) influence the direction or strength of the relationship between variables