Chapter 3 Reading Guide - AP Gov

Explain the two types of categorical grants.

A project grant is awarded on the basis of competitive applications, and a formal grant is distributed according to a formula.

What do the terms "cross-over sanctions" and "cross-cutting requirements" mean?

Cross-over sanctions is using deferral dollars in one program to influence state and local policy in another. Cross-cutting requirements is when a condition one one federal grant is extended to all activities supported by federal funds, regardless of their source.

How is dual federalism analogous to a layer cake and cooperative federalism analogous to a marble cake?

Dual federalism is like a layered cake because the federal, state, and local powers are strictly divided and separate, while cooperative federalism is like a marble cake because the powers of the federal, state, and local governments are intertwined and mingled.

In what ways does federalism decentralize politics and policies?

Federalism decentralizes politics and policies by layering the government to create opportunity for political participation and having a balance between state and federal governments.

List four advantages of federalism for democracy.

Four advantages are there are more levels of government and thus more opportunity to participate in politics, an increased access to government, opportunity for parties who lose nationally to rebuild strength at the state and/or local level, and diversity of opinion can be expressed in state policy.

List four disadvantages of federalism for democracy.

Four disadvantages are the quality of education can differ state to state, diversity of policy can create inequality, local interest could thwart national policies, and there are too many governments (over 80,000 in the U.S.)

Why don't the states handle more issues?

States don't handle more issues because the need the authority, money, and resources of the national government.

What is the significance of the 10th Amendment?

The significance of the 10th Amendment is that it specifies that the federal government has ONLY the powers specified in the Constitution.

Describe the three general obligations that each state has to every other state under the Constitution.

The three general obligations are full faith and credit, which states public acts, records, and civil judiciary proceedings of one state are to be honored in all other states, extradition, which says states are required to return a person charged with a crime in another states to that state for trials/imprisonment, and privileges and immunities, which prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states.

List the three items that are considered the supreme law of the land.

The three items that are considered the supreme law of the land are the Constitution, laws of the national government (when consistent w/ Constitution), treaties (which can be made only by the national government).

Explain the three general standard operating procedures of cooperative federalism.

The three principles are shared costs, which means that cities/states share costs with the federal government, federal guidelines, which means states/cities have to cooperative with what is asked of them when given money from the federal government, and shared administration, which means states/local officials have administrative powers of their own.

Define the three ways of organizing a nation that were discussed in the text.

The three ways are federalism, unitary governments, and a confederation.

For what reasons might a state or locality not want to receive federal aid?

They mind not want federal aid because of mandates blues. They might not want to pay/make the changes.

Explain how the Republican Party's view of federalism changed in the 1990's.

The Republican Party's view of federalism changed in the 1990's because they wanted to limit the scope of the government.

Explain the difference between enumerated powers and implied powers.

The difference between enumerated and implied powers is that enumerated powers are specifically listed while implied powers are powers that can be interpreted to be used in many different ways.

List the four key events that have largely settles the issue of how national and state powers are related.

The four key events are the elaboration of the doctrine of implied powers, the definition of the commerce clause, the civil war, and long struggle for racial equality.