Chapter 3: Stress and Illness/Disease

Coronary heart disease-prone personality:

Angry, hostile, and aggressive.

Myocardial infarction:

Artery ruptures and a part of the heart dies from lack of oxygen.

Antibodies:

Substances produced by the body to fight antigens and stimulate the release of chemicals.

Chronic stress results in a chronic inability of the immune response to prevent the multiplication of __________ cells.

mutant

Lowest incidence of hypertension occurs in _______________.

white women

Stroke:

• Lack of oxygen to the brain resulting from a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel. - Called apoplexy. Signs and symptoms. •Impaired motor function and speech, paralysis, blurred vision, and headache.

Major risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease:

•High serum cholesterol. •Hypertension. •Cigarette smoking.

Characteristics of a Cancer-Prone Person:

•Holds resentment and is unforgiving. •Uses self-pity. •Lacks the ability to develop and maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships. •Has a poor self-image.

Relationship between stress and allergic reactions:

•Reduced number of T-lymphocytes. •Secretion of cortisol. •Decrease in the body's ability to withstand an antigen.

Stress _____________ the white blood cell count and makes a person prone to disease.

decreases

Stressful events can _____________ serum cholesterol levels.

increase

Blood pressure:

is measured as systolic or diastolic. •Normal: 120/80 m m Hg. •High blood pressure: 140/90 m m Hg.

Increased blood pressure may be related more to ____________ than age.

lifestyle

Obesity:

• Body mass index of 30 or higher. • Neuropeptide Y and its receptors play a role in the growth of human fat cells. - Released from certain nerve cells during stress. •In mice, stress and high-fat and sugar diet lead to a metabolic syndrome-like condition. - Metabolic syndrome in humans is linked to abdominal obesity and diabetes.

Disease-prone personality:

Depressed, angry/hostile, and anxious.

_________ are more hypertensive.

Men

Causes of Ulcers:

•Stress results in an increase in hydrochloric acid in the intestinal tract and the stomach. •During stress, norepinephrine causes capillaries in the stomach to constrict, thereby reducing mucosal production. •H. pylori, a bacteria, inflames the gastrointestinal lining and stimulates acid production, or both. •Antibiotics rather than histamine blockers are prescribed for ulcers. •Ingestion of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Physiological mechanisms that explain the relationship between stress and coronary heart disease:

•Type A behavior pattern and hostility. •Cholesterol, blood pressure, blood volume, and accelerated heart rate. •Production of plasma homocysteine. •Cardiovascular reactivity. •Blood pressure morning surge. •Increased platelet activation. •Increased catecholamine levels. •Prolonged neuroendocrine responses. •Variability in heart rhythm.

Cancer:

•Unbridled multiplication of cells. - Leads to tumors and organ damage. •Caused by ingested and inhaled carcinogens and viruses. •T-lymphocytes reduce during stress.

Allergies, Asthma, and Hay Fever:

Body's defense against an antigen.

Carcinogens:

Cancer-causing agents.

TMJ is caused by ____________, which is clenching or grinding of the teeth due to stress.

Caused by bruxism. •Clenching or grinding of the teeth due to stress.

Tension Headaches:

Caused by muscle tension accompanying stress. •Muscle tension may affect the forehead, jaw, or neck.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

Condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing.

Sports injuries/ Stress-injury model:

During sports events that are inherently stressful, the athlete's: •History of stressors, personality characteristics, and coping resources contribute interactively to the stress response. •Caused by negative life events and absence of social support.

Hypertension:

Excessive and damaging pressure of the blood against the walls of the arterial blood vessels.

____________moods decrease S-I g A levels and make people more susceptible to disease.

Negative

Ulcers:

Fissures or cuts in the walls of the stomach, duodenum, or other parts of the intestines.

Antigen:

Foreign substance irritating to the body.

______________ causes tissues to swell, mucous secretions to increase, and air passages in the lungs to constrict.

Histamine

Phagocytes:

Macrophages: surround and engulf invading substances and summon helper T cells.

Stress can cause an increased risk of ________________.

Miscarriage

T lymphocytes:

Part of the immune system that destroys mutant cells.

____________ moods increase S-I g A levels and enhance immunosuppressive effects.

Positive

Categories of Symptoms of PTSD:

Reliving the event. •Flashback episodes, where the event happens again and again. Avoidance. •Emotional numbing, detachment, lack of interest, and avoiding people or places. Arousal. •Difficulty concentrating, startling easily, hypervigilance, feeling irritable, and having trouble sleeping.

Migraine Headaches:

Result from the constriction and dilation of the carotid arteries of one side of the head. • Prodrome: Constriction phase of a migraine headache. - Called preattack. • When the dilation of the carotid arteries occurs, chemicals stimulate adjacent nerve endings, causing pain. • Involve one side of the head and usually last about six hours. • Caused due to emotional stress and tension.

Cerebral hemorrhage:

Rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

Cancer-prone personality:

Unassertive, over patient, and avoiding conflicts.

Temporomandibular (TMJ) Syndrome:

• Develops due to an interference with the smooth functioning of the jaw. Sufferers may have: •Facial pain. •Clicking or popping sound when opening or closing their mouths. •Migraine headaches. •Earaches and ringing in the ears. •Dizziness and sensitive teeth.

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

• Inflammation and swelling in various body joints. - May be caused by the faulty functioning of the immune response. • Some people are hereditarily susceptible. • Involves an autoimmune response. - Autoimmune response: Physiological response in which the body turns on itself. • Stress can precipitate arthritic attacks.

Hot Reactors:

• People who react to stress with an all-out physiological reaction: - Suffer from chronic anger or anxiety. - Have high blood pressure. - Are susceptible to heart attacks.

• Components of the Immunological System: White Blood Cells:

• Phagocytes • Lymphocytes

What are the two of Psychosomatic Disease?

• Psychogenic. • Somatogenic.

Lymphocytes:

• T cells: identify the invading substance and destroy it. •Helper T cells: stimulate the production of killer T cells and B cells. •Killer T cells: puncture membrane of invaded body cells; kill cells and the invader. •B cells: produce antibodies that neutralize the invading substance or tag it for attack by other cells. •Suppressor T cells: halt the immune response when the invasion becomes contained. •Memory T and B cells: remain in the bloodstream and lymphatic system to respond quickly to future attacks by the invading substance.

Treatment of PTSD:

• Talk therapy: Aimed for a patient to perceive the fear more realistically and as less of a threat. • Medication: Antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and sleep medicines. • Exposure therapy: Exposes the patient to the event that precipitated PTSD. - Virtual reality exposure therapy.

Treatments for TMJ:

• Wearing an acrylic mouthpiece. •Stress reduction techniques such as biofeedback.

Relaxation techniques for Migranes include...

• biofeedback • meditation • autogenic training.

Strokes have been related to ...

• high blood pressure • diet • stress.

Cholesterol:

•Accumulates on the walls of the blood vessels. •Blocks the flow of blood to various parts of the body.

Backaches:

•Affect people's abilities to do physical and cognitive work. •Caused by muscular weakness or muscular bracing. •Contractions are found in people who are competitive, angry, and apprehensive. •Risk factors: Perceived work stress, mental distress, and depression.

Causes of Hypertension:

•Excessive sodium intake. •Kidney disease. •Cushing's syndrome. •Obesity and lack of exercise. •Use of oral contraceptives. •Cigarette smoking. •Stress.

Psychosomatic Disease:

•Involves both the mind and the body. •Referred to as psychophysiological. •Can be diagnosed. •Manifested physically.

Experimental treatments for Cancer:

•Maintaining a positive attitude. •Visualization therapy.

Treatment for Tension Headaches includes...

•Medication. •Heat on tense muscles. •Massage.

Psychogenic:

•Physical disease caused by emotional stress. •Does not include an invasion of disease-causing microorganism involved.

Somatogenic:

•Results from the mind increasing the body's susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes.