Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

Protein Organization : Description? 1) Primary Structure : 2) Secondary Structure : 3) Tertiary Structure : 4) Quaternary Structure :

1) The linear sequence of amino acids 2) Repetitive folding patterns such as α helix and β pleated sheet 3) The 3-D structure of a polypeptide 4) Two or more interacting polypeptides

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

4

What is a fatty acid?

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end

*What happens when a lipid is hydrogenated? a) Hydrogen is added to the fatty acid chains b) The melting point is raised c) The lipid is converted into a saturated fat d) The fatty acid chain is straightened e) All of the above

e) All of the above

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end is called a:

fatty acid

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

hydrogen & carbon

Carbohydrate polymers are called:

polysaccharides

The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are ________ , ________ and ________.

Carbon / Hydrogen / Oxygen (Cn(H20)n)

What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates?

Carbon / Oxygen / Hydrogen (Cn(H20)n)

The two classes of nucleic acids are ______ and _____.

DEOXYribonucleic / ribonucleic

Identify the two major classes of nucleic acids.

DNA & RNA

Proteins are made by _____ reactions, in which water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides.

Dehydration

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?

Dehydration reactions

A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a(n) _____ _____

Double Helix

The structure of a DNA molecule is best described as a(n):

Double Helix

*True or False: Organic Molecules can only be produced/ synthesized by organisms.

False

What feature of fats allows them to store high levels of energy?

Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds.

Which of the following describes the chemical structure of steroids?

Four fused rings of carbon with one or more attached hydroxyl groups

What are functional groups?

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Which elements are the primary components of lipids?

Hydrogen & Carbon

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between _____ atoms and _____ atoms.

Hydrogen / Carbon

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures are called:

Isomers

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

______ are large molecules made from smaller organic molecules

Macromolecules

What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

The chemical structure of all ______ consists of FOUR FUSED rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Steroids

The chemical structure of all ______ consists of four fused rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Steroids

Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between _____ groups of cysteine side chains.

Sulfhydral

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?

Sulfhydryl

Isomers are molecules that have the same ______ but different ______ and characteristics.

chemical formula; structures

*Which of the following is not a polymer of glucose? a) Starch b) Glycogen c) Chitin d) Maltose e) All except d

d) Maltose

Proteins are made by ______ reactions, in which water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides.

dehydration

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties are called ____ groups.

functional

Wohler and Kolbe demonstrated that organic compounds, such as urea and acetic acid, could be synthesize from:

inorganic compounds

Carbohydrate monomers are known as _____.

monosaccharides

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains:

one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure

Molecules that contain carbon and that are found in all forms of life are called ______ molecules.

organic

In a phospholipid bilayer, the _____ regions of the phospholipids face water and the _____ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

polar / nonpolar

Lipids called _____ help to prevent water loss from organisms.

waxes

Monomers of Protein are called ______ _________

Amino Acids

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What element is found in all organic molecules?

Carbon

What did Wohler and Kolbe's experiments demonstrate?

Organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic compounds.

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called

Polysaccharides

The sugar found in ribonucleotides of RNA is

Ribose

What type of sugar is found in RNA molecules?

Ribose

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior.

What is the function of waxes?

They prevent water loss.

How many shells of electrons does carbon have?

Two