Chapter 3: The human body: A nutrition perspective

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called _____

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Which of the following food components can be absorbed by the cells that line the stomach? Fatty acids Water Alcohol Amino acids

Alcohol Water

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption? Amino acids Fatty acids Fructose Glucose

Amino acids Glucose

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply. Amylase Gastrin Lipase Pepsin Mucus

Amylase Lipase Mucus

Which of the following are potential long-term complications of untreated celiac disease?

Anemia Osteoporosis (bone loss) Infertility

______ suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes.

Bile

Match the functions with the correct organ system.

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically: Digestive system Removes waste products from the circulatory system: Urinary system Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions: Nervous system Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption: Lymphatic system Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body: Cardiovascular system Regulates metabolism through the action of hormones: Endocrine system

Based on current research, what are the two factors needed for development of celiac disease?

Dietary exposure to gluten Genetic predisposition to celiac disease

True or false: Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein.

False

True or false: The digestive system is the body system primarily in charge of regulating metabolism.

False

True or false: Vitamins and minerals can be broken down to yield energy.

False

Which of the following yields energy? Fat Vitamins Carbohydrates Protein Minerals

Fat Carbohydrates Protein

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

Fructose

Pain, nausea, gagging, cough, or hoarseness are all symptoms of _____.

GERD

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large intestine

Which of the following cell components are organelles?

Mitochondrion Lysosome

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing hemorrhoids?

Obesity Pregnancy Prolonged sitting

Match the types of absorption with the correct method.

Passive diffusion:Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration without the aid of a carrier. Facilitated diffusion:Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier protein. Active absorption:Nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier protein and energy.

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph?

Platelets Red blood cells

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA: transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell DNA: stores genetic code in the nucleus stores genetic code in the nucleus

Which of the following characteristics are shared by people with celiac disease and those with nonceliac gluten sensitivity?

Relief of symptoms with avoidance of dietary gluten Gastrointestinal distress after dietary exposure to gluten

Which of the following are signs and symptoms that could indicate a peptic ulcer?

Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating Unexpected weight loss Nausea and vomiting

True or false: Cells need water, building supplies, and chemical regulators to function properly.

True

True or false: Each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process.

True

True or false: There is a clear interrelationship between nutrition status and organ system function.

True

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine?

Water Sodium Potassium

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

Water-soluble compounds

Which of the following yields energy? a. Carbohydrates b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Protein e. Fat

a. Carbohydrates d. Protein e. Fat

Which of the following are functions of the cell membrane? a. It provides some structure for the cell. b. It is the main site of protein synthesis. c. It allows cell-to-cell communication. d. It controls the substances that pass through the cells.

a. It provides some structure for the cell. c. It allows cell-to-cell communication. d. It controls the substances that pass through the cells.

Filtering the blood is a function of which organ? a. Kidney b. Pancreas c. Heart d. Lungs

a. Kidney

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system? a. Maintains water balance b. Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism c. Produces hormones d. Converts beta-carotene to vitamin C

a. Maintains water balance b. Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism c. Produces hormones

Which organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use? a. Mitochondria b. Golgi complex c. Lysosomes d. Peroxisomes

a. Mitochondria

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell. a. Nucleus b. Golgi complex c. Mitochondria d. Lysosomes

a. Nucleus

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between the immune system and nutritional status? a. Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections. b. A child refuses to eat meat unless it is fried chicken nuggets. c. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness. d. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing.

a. Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections. c. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness. d. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing.

Which of the following are components of blood? a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells c. Lymph d. Plasma

a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells d. Plasma

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in a. activating some digestive enzymes. b. breaking down fats. c. partially digesting protein. d. making dietary minerals soluble.

a. activating some digestive enzymes. c. partially digesting protein. d. making dietary minerals soluble.

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma are components of... a. blood. b. chyme. c. lymph. d. hormones.

a. blood.

Membranes, cytoplasm, and organelles are part of a self-contained, living entity called a(n)... a. cell. b. nucleus. c. organ system. d. organ.

a. cell.

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of a. chemical digestion. b. mechanical digestion. c. sensory digestion. d. maldigestion.

a. chemical digestion.

In general, enzymes ______ the speed at which chemical reactions occur. a. increase b. do not change c. decrease

a. increase

Chemical reactions that enable the release of energy from foods, convert toxic substances into less harmful products, and preparation of waste products for excretion of the body are a. metabolism. b. digestion. c. gene expression.

a. metabolism.

The nucleus, Golgi complex, and lysosomes are examples of... a. organelles. b. organs. c. tissues. d. cells.

a. organelles.

Human metabolism includes a. release and use energy from foods b. store sources of fuel for later use. c. fermentation of dietary fiber in the large intestine. d. preparation of waste products for excretion.

a. release and use energy from foods b. store sources of fuel for later use. d. preparation of waste products for excretion.

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the a. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. b. pH of the environment in which they function. c. type of chemical reaction they catalyze. d. type of bacteria for which they provide fuel.

a. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. b. pH of the environment in which they function. c. type of chemical reaction they catalyze.

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed via _____.

active absorption

The type of nutrient absorption that involves a carrier protein AND energy to move nutrients is called _____.

active absorption

Regular use of ______ may cause constipation.

antacids calcium supplements iron supplements

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process.

are not

The mitochondria are sometimes called the ______ of the cell. a. "messengers" b. "power plants" c. "suicide bags" d. "code book"

b. "power plants"

Which of the following are true statements about organelles? a. The pancreas is one example of an organelle. b. An organelle performs a specialized function. c. A lysosome is one example of an organelle. d. An organelle may be a compartment, particle, or filament within a cell.

b. An organelle performs a specialized function. c. A lysosome is one example of an organelle. d. An organelle may be a compartment, particle, or filament within a cell.

Which of the following terms refers to the liver? a. Amniotic b. Hepatic c. Lymphatic d. Peristaltic

b. Hepatic

Lymph contains which of the following? a. Red blood cells b. Plasma c. Dietary fats d. White blood cells

b. Plasma c. Dietary fats d. White blood cells

Identify the functions of the urinary system. a. Excreting fat-soluble vitamins b. Removing unneeded substances from the blood c. Maintaining proper fluid balance d. Enterohepatic circulation

b. Removing unneeded substances from the blood c. Maintaining proper fluid balance

Hormones a. are essential components of the diet. b. act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. c. bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue. d. are chemical messengers.

b. act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. c. bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue. d. are chemical messengers.

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process. a. are b. are not

b. are not

Energy for chemical reactions in the cells can be derived from... a. water. b. carbohydrates. c. vitamins. d. protein e. fats.

b. carbohydrates. d. protein e. fats.

Chemical reactions that enable the release of energy from foods, convert toxic substances into less harmful products, and preparation of waste products for excretion of the body are a. digestion. b. metabolism. c. gene expression.

b. metabolism.

During the process of transcription, a. the RNA code directs protein synthesis. b. the DNA code is copied to RNA. c. protein chains are broken down into amino acids. d. the RNA code is copied to DNA.

b. the DNA code is copied to RNA

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the a. lacteals. b. veins. c. capillaries.

b. veins.

______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein. a. RNA b. A nucleus c. A gene d. A chromosome

c. A gene

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the a. arteries. b. veins. c. capillaries. d. lacteals.

c. capillaries.

Vitamins and minerals support metabolism by a. activating the intrinsic factor. b. supporting photosynthesis. c. contributing to enzyme activity. d. supplying a good source of energy.

c. contributing to enzyme activity.

DNA is stored in the ______ of the cell. a. lysosomes b. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleus d. ribosomes

c. nucleus

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______. a. fat b. protein c. starch d. cholesterol

c. starch

Self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called...

cells

______ are the chemical messengers of the body. a. Endocrine b. Neurons c. Cells d. Hormones

d. Hormones

A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialized function within a cell is called a(n)... a. organ. b. tissue. c. organ system. d. organelle.

d. organelle.

Enzymes are made of... a. vitamins and minerals. b. carbohydrates. c. fats. d. proteins.

d. proteins

Fructose is absorbed via _____.

facilitated diffusion

When a person with celiac disease consumes wheat, he or she may experience

flattening of the intestinal villi. decreased production of digestive enzymes. impaired nutrient absorption.

The organ that stores bile is the

gallbladder.

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include

inflammatory responses. depression and stress. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract.

The pain related to GERD is due to

irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile.

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the...

lymphatic system.

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

metabolize undigested food.

The _________ and the small intestine produce most of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. Which of the following is a likely explanation for his condition?

peptic ulcer

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic

Human metabolism includes

preparation of waste products for excretion. store sources of fuel for later use. release and use energy from foods

Foods containing live microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli), which are eaten in an attempt to promote digestive health, are called

probiotics.

Before feces are eliminated, they are held in the

rectum.

Lipase and amylase are two components of ________, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine

Chyme is the watery mixture of food and digestive secretions that first forms in the

stomach

Very little nutrient absorption occurs here except for some water and alcohol.

stomach

A(n) ______ is a group of cells that works together to perform a specific function.

tissue

True or false: The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer of phospholipids.

true

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

villi microvilli folds of the mucosa

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? water minerals alcohol fatty acids

water alcohol