Chapter 3

symbol

A nation's flag is a:

conflict theory

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the American education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?

Society and culture _____. a. Could not exist without each other b. Are unrelated c. Are the same thing d. Could not exist together

A. Could not exist without each other

Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners

An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________.

Regulates behavior

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society:

13. Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? a Driving on the right hand side of the road b. Crossing streets on cross-walks c. Paying taxes d. Making eye contact while speaking*

D. Making eye contact while speaking

subculture

Modern-day hipsters are an example of:

universalism

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:

globalization

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to:

functionalism

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?

xenocentrism

a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

inventions

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

values

a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society

language

a symbolic system of communication

sanctions

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

social control

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

culture shock

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

folkways

direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

formal norms

established, written rules

symbols

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

innovations

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

cultural universals

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

people understand the world based on their form of language

society

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

culture

shared beliefs, values, and practices

beliefs

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

high culture

the cultural patterns of a society's elite

cultural imperialism

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

culture lag

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it

nonmaterial culture

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

ethnocentrism

to evaluate another culture according to the standards of one's own culture

4. Which of the following is an example of a learned custom? a. Marrying for love b. Shoving and pushing on the metro c. Greeting an acquaintance with a handshake d. All of the above

D. All of the above

conflict theory

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory?

symbolic interactionism

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach?

discoveries

things and ideas found from what already exists

18. In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. a. An innovation b. A discovery c. A culture lag d. A cultural universal

A. An innovation

6. Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. a. Non-material culture b. Material culture c. A cultural universal d. The counterculture

A. Non-material culture

20. Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? a. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club. b. Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes. c. Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it. d. Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out.

A. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee Club.

11. The term values can be defined as: a. The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. b. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.* c. Scripture found within the Bible. d. Federal laws and regulations.

B. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

5. A cultural universal is: a. An object or a belonging of a group. b. A pattern or trait common to all societies. c. The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. d. A written document outlining appropriate behavior.

B. A pattern or trait common to all societies

15. The term language can be defined as: a. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. b. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. c. The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. d. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

B. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

8. Kurt and Mitch visit an Amish village on a class trip. "Let's see if we can round up some old radios and appliances and drop them off for them later this week. I think they'll appreciate it. They just don't understand what they're missing." Mitch rolls his eyes. Kurt's perspective is an example of _______. a. Behavioral normativity b. Cultural imperialism c. Material culture d. Ideal culture

B. Cultural imperialism

10. Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. a. Cultural imperialism b. Culture shock c. Material culture d. Xenocentricism

B. Culture shock

16. MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. a. High culture; popular culture b. Popular culture; high culture c. High culture; low culture d. Jersey culture; low culture

B. Popular culture; high culture

1. In the late 2000's, Ugg Boots became a major fashion fixture, sported by everyone from celebrities to college students. The Ugg boots craze is an example of a _____ trend within the United States. a. Societal b. Countercultural c. Cultural d. Counterintuitive

C. Cultural

9. Which of the following is an example of cultural relativisim? a. Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback. b. Andy marrying a woman who does not practice his religion, though his parents disprove. c. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. d. Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona.

C. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

7. Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? a. Putting your cell phone on silent during a Broadway production b. Holding hands with your best friend c. Incest taboos d. Marrying the partner whom your parents have chosen for you

C. Incest taboos

12. Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____. a. Formal sanction b. Xenocentricism c. Social control d. Ethnocentricity

C. Social control

19. In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ¬¬______. a. More b. Formal Sanction c. Subculture d. Social relativism

C. Subculture

17. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? a. The yuppie craze of the 1980's b. The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's c. The hippie movement of the 1960's d. The disco invasion of the 1970's

C. The hippie movement of the 1960's

3. Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. a. Paradigms b. Xenocentrism c. Moral relativism d. Ethnocentrism

D. Ethnocentrism

14. What is a difference between a more and a folkway? a. Mores encourage social rebellion; folkways do not. b. Mores are legally acceptable to violate; folkways are not. c. Mores are constructed based on norms; folkways are not. d. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

D. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

culture shock

Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of:

diffusion

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of

Nonmaterial culture

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?

Counterculture

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?

xenocentrism

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called:

mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that

social control

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.

Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

The major difference between invention and discovery is:

Sapir-Whorf

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:

culture and society

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them.

cultural lag

Your 83-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send e-mails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every e-mail to respond point by point, but she has never e-mailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:

informal norms

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

ideal culture

consists of the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

countercultures

groups that reject and oppose society's widely accepted cultural patterns

subcultures

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society's majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

popular culture

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population

globalization

the integration of international trade and finance markets

mores

the moral views and principles of a group

material culture

the objects or belongings of a group of people

cultural relativism

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

diffusion

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

norms

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

real culture

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists