chapter 3

Who was one of the first to challenge the single bipolar dimension of masculinity and femininity? a. Sandra Bem b. Anne Constantinople c. Lewis Terman d. Catherine Cox Miles

b. Anne Constantinople

__________ refers to the psychological strain or stress that occurs when gender roles and stereotypes provide inconsistent expectations. a. Gender role conflict b. Gender role discrepancy strain c. Median split d. Sexism

b. Gender role discrepancy strain

__________ occurs when discrimination is applied aggressively or with intimidation. a. Sexism b. Harassment c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Prejudice

b. Harassment

While interest in the similarities and differences between women and men dates back to early philosophers, the formal investigation of masculinity and femininity as measurable traits began in the: a. 1920s. b. 1950s. c. 1930s. d. 1970s.

c. 1930s.

Which statement regarding perpetrators of gender prejudice is TRUE? a. Women are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against women, and men are more likely to be the perpetrators against men. b. Women are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against both women and men. c. Men are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against both women and men. d. Men are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against women, and women are more likely to be the perpetrators against men.

c. Men are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against both women and men.

Which statement regarding the nature of sex and gender stereotypes is TRUE? a. Sex and gender stereotypes have no lasting impact on our understanding and interactions with others. b. Sex and gender stereotypes can only positively impact our understanding and interactions with others. c. Sex and gender stereotypes can have both positive and negative effects on our understanding and interactions with others. d. Sex and gender stereotypes can only negatively impact our understanding and interactions with others.

c. Sex and gender stereotypes can have both positive and negative effects on our understanding and interactions with others.

According to Diekman and Eagly (2000), which of the following statements accurately describes the trend of women's and men's roles in recent years? a. Women and men now equally share all the same roles. b. Women and men have switched roles. c. Women's and men's roles have become more similar. d. Women's and men's roles have remained stable.

c. Women's and men's roles have become more similar.

In her article The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860, Welter argued that the characteristics by which women were judged included all of the following EXCEPT: a. domesticity. b. piety. c. beauty. d. submissiveness.

c. beauty.

Kimiko is a sex-typed female. Into what category does her score on the Bem Sex Role Inventory fall? a. masculine b. undifferentiated c. feminine d. androgynous

c. feminine

Using median splits, researchers can divide participants' scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) into all of the following categories EXCEPT: a. masculine. b. feminine. c. sex-typed. d. androgynous.

c. sex-typed.

Which statement is FALSE, according to Jones and Heesacker's (2012) investigation of masculinity? a. Gender is socially constructed. b. Gender is a behavior. c. Gender is influenced by context. d. Gender is rooted in one's biology.

d. Gender is rooted in one's biology.

__________ refers to an incompatibility between expectations of a gender with an individual's natural tendencies or behavior that results in negative consequences for oneself or others. a. Sexism b. Gender role discrepancy strain c. Median split d. Gender role conflict

d. Gender role conflict

How have gender stereotypes evolved within American culture? a. Stereotypes applied to both women and men have remained stable over time. b. Stereotypes applied to men have experienced greater change over time than those applied to women. c. Stereotypes applied to both women and men have experienced drastic changes over time. d. Stereotypes applied to women have experienced greater change over time than those applied to men.

d. Stereotypes applied to women have experienced greater change over time than those applied to men.

Which statement regarding the experience of gender prejudice is TRUE? a. Only women experience gender prejudice. b. Men are the direct targets of gender prejudice more often than women are. c. Only men experience gender prejudice. d. Women are the direct targets of gender prejudice more often than men are.

d. Women are the direct targets of gender prejudice more often than men are.

Based on stereotypes, femininity is often: a. associated with assertiveness and independence. b. associated with task orientation and stoicism. c. viewed as overlapping with masculinity. d. described as communal.

d. described as communal.

Research on the negative effects of gender role conflict has focused more on: a. women being constrained by the role of homemaker. b. men being constrained by the role of breadwinner. c. women being constrained by the subservience of femininity. d. men being constrained by the rigidness of masculinity.

d. men being constrained by the rigidness of masculinity.

Khaled believes that his neighbor, Mrs. Johnson, is boring because she is elderly. This is an example of: a. sexism. b. harassment. c. discrimination. d. prejudice.

d. prejudice.

Both the kernel of truth theory and the social role theory of sex and gender stereotypes suggest that: a. differences between women and men cannot be known. b . stereotypes are based on biologically innate characteristics. c. differences between women and men can be attributed to division of labor. d. stereotypes are based on observations of reality.

d. stereotypes are based on observations of reality.

The kernel of truth theory of sex and gender stereotypes asserts that: a. because sex stereotypes are based on real differences between women and men, they are generally accurate. b. stereotypes stem from the observation of women and men in differing social roles in daily life. c. the differences seen between women and men can be attributed to the division of labor between women and men. d. there are characteristics of the stereotyped group that influence the image or beliefs of that group.

d. there are characteristics of the stereotyped group that influence the image or beliefs of that group.

Based on stereotypes, masculinity is often: a. associated with people orientation. b. associated with selflessness. c. described as a combination of communal and agentic characteristics. d. viewed as a separate and opposite sphere in relation to femininity.

d. viewed as a separate and opposite sphere in relation to femininity.

What has cross-cultural research regarding the malleability of gender stereotypes revealed? a. Other cultures are like the United States when it comes to the evolution of gender stereotypes. b. In most cultures, gender stereotypes have not changed much over time in recent years. c. Each culture has it own set of gender stereotypes, so that cross-cultural stereotypes do not exist. d. In most cultures, female stereotypes are more stable than male stereotypes.

a. Other cultures are like the United States when it comes to the evolution of gender stereotypes.

Research has consistently found that masculinity in men and women is correlated more strongly with positive emotional and psychological outcomes. According to the text, what is a possible explanation for this finding? a. The positive nature of masculinity has been overestimated because of how masculinity and femininity are measured. b. The negative aspects of femininity have been underestimated in current measures of masculinity and femininity. c. Current measures of masculinity and femininity tend to focus more strongly on the positive qualities associated with androgyny, which is then confused with masculinity. d. Current measures of gender identity tend to focus more strongly on masculinity than on femininity.

a. The positive nature of masculinity has been overestimated because of how masculinity and femininity are measured.

How does cultural context affect expectations of gendered behavior? a. The roles in which women and men exist within society vary across cultures, creating different expectations of gendered behavior in different cultures. b. The roles in which women and men exist within society only affect expectations of gendered behavior in Eastern cultures. c. The roles in which women and men exist within society only affect expectations of gendered behavior in Western cultures. d. The roles in which women and men exist within society are universal. Therefore, expectations of gendered behavior are the same across all cultures.

a. The roles in which women and men exist within society vary across cultures, creating different expectations of gendered behavior in different cultures.

Joel believes that women truly are emotional and men truly are aggressive, but that stereotypes of these characteristics are exaggerated representations of reality. Joel subscribes to the __________ theory. a. kernel of truth b. Big Five personality traits c. gender role d. social role

a. kernel of truth

The social role theory of sex and gender stereotypes suggests that: a. stereotypes stem from the observation of women and men in differing social roles in daily life. b. there are characteristics of the stereotyped group that influence the image or beliefs of that group. c. the differences seen between women and men can be attributed to natural evolutionary differences between women and men. d. sex stereotypes are based on real differences between women and men but have been overexaggerated and oversimplified.

a. stereotypes stem from the observation of women and men in differing social roles in daily life.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) differs from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)? a. The PAQ is built upon the framework of gender identity rather than that of sex roles. b. The PAQ fully recognizes all gender-related attributes and behaviors dictated by gender or sex roles. c. The PAQ includes items that are desirable for both sexes but typical more of one sex than the other. d. The PAQ includes a third scale that represents characteristics whose social desirability varies according to whether an individual is male or female.

b. The PAQ fully recognizes all gender-related attributes and behaviors dictated by gender or sex roles.

Which item is NOT one of the three basic untested assumptions made, according to Anne Constantinople, by early measures of the masculinity-femininity construct? a. The construct is a single bipolar dimension ranging from extreme masculinity at one end to extreme femininity at the other. b. The construct is not a useful construct for understanding women and men. c. The construct is best defined in terms of sex differences in item response. d. The construct is unidimensional in nature and can be adequately measured by a single score.

b. The construct is not a useful construct for understanding women and men.

The term __________ refers to a gender role described as possessing high levels of both feminine and masculine characteristics. a. undifferentiated b. androgynous c. sex-typed d. transgender

b. androgynous

Lev feels uncomfortable with the social pressure he experiences to act masculine. Based on Jones and Heesacker's (2012) research, one could encourage Lev to: a. adhere to traditional masculine stereotypes, which will result in lower gender role conflict. b. intentionally act against the social pressure and express his gender in the manner he feels most comfortable with. c. speak to a medical professional about how he can change his gender. d. embrace his masculinity, realizing that gender is an internal trait.

b. intentionally act against the social pressure and express his gender in the manner he feels most comfortable with.

Natasha's responses on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were scored using median splits. She was categorized as undifferentiated, meaning that she scored: a. high-high. b. low-low. c. high-low. d. low-high.

b. low-low.

When his son experiences a relationship breakup, Emile somewhat dismissively tells him, "You'll be all right; there are plenty of fish in the sea." By contrast, when his daughter goes through a breakup, Emile gives her a big hug and asks her "Are you okay? Is there anything I can do to help you feel better?" In the context of sex stereotyping, this is an example of: a. discrimination. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. sexism. d. prejudice.

b. self-fulfilling prophecy.

The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) was the first scale to: a. address the shortcomings of traditional measures of masculinity and femininity. b. view individuals as possessing varying degrees of both masculinity and femininity. c. measure the notion of masculinity and femininity on a bipolar continuum. d. measure the notion of masculinity and femininity.

b. view individuals as possessing varying degrees of both masculinity and femininity.