Chapter 31 - Fungi - Questions
24) Some nematode worms suck plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against plant-sucking nematodes? A) Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes? B) Do nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide nitrogen to the fungi? C) What is the evolutionarily oldest method of trapping nematodes? D) What mechanisms do nematodes have that could allow them to escape from Arthrobotrys?
A
3) Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? A) The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane. B) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. D) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.
A
3) The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the A) animals. B) vascular plants. C) mosses. D) slime molds.
A
31) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following statements should be an accurate characterization of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should be transcriptionally less active. C) It should have reduced motility. D) It should have a smaller nucleus.
A
1) All fungi are A) symbiotic. B) heterotrophic. C) flagellated. D) decomposers.
B
10) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) fungal enzymes C) increased oxygen levels D) larger bacterial populations
B
14) Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? A) parasitic B) mutualistic C) commensal D) predatory
B
23) Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following measurements would support their claim? A) smaller apple size in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae B) increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae C) increased need for fertilizer in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae D) increased mortality in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae
B
28) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? A) cells with a single haploid nucleus or dikaryotic cells B) heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells C) heterokaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei D) dikaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei
B
35) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen ________. A) due to common ancestry B) by convergent evolution C) by inheritance of acquired traits D) by serial endosymbioses
B
12) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the ________. A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue
C
2) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. B) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. C) Both groups use chitin for support. D) Both groups have cell walls.
C
25) At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? A) fertilization B) karyogamy C) plasmogamy D) germination
C
26) Deuteromycetes ________. A) represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified B) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage C) are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens D) include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae
C
9) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) flowering plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) grasses
C
Section: 31.3 36) Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) parasitic lifestyle
C
11) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) breezes distributing spores D) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
D
13) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ________. A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms B) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats C) the increased probability of contact between different mating types D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
D
2) Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores
D
27) Use the following information to answer the question. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would Bd be assigned? A) zygomycetes B) glomeromycetes C) basidiomycetes D) deuteromycetes
D
29) After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a ________. A) similar nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell B) smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell C) larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell D) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell
D
30) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ________. A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells
D
33) Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? A) Hyphae are 100 to 1,000 times larger than plant roots. B) Hyphae have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root. C) Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. D) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
D
34) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
D
37) Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely due to ________. A) secondary endoparasitism B) horizontal gene transfer C) paraphyletic evolution D) convergent evolution
D
38) Early fungi probably formed mutualistic associations with early plants, providing nutrients to the plant and receiving energy-containing compounds. Evidence that plants' ability to form a mutualistic association with fungi is due to ancient genes includes which of the following occurrences? A) presence of genes in the earliest fungi that showed an ability to digest cellulose and lignin B) presence of genes for chitin in the oldest flowering plants and oldest fungi C) fossils that show hyphae wrapped around seeds D) restoration of the ability to form mycorrhizae with fungi by a flowering plant after biologists transferred a gene from a liverwort to the flowering plant
D
4) The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. C) the increased chance of contact between mating types. D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.
D