Chapter 31 Multiple choice

In the second sentence, Calvin Coolidge says, "Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on. the people has been most carefully guarded...." Where have we heard these words before? a.)Who said it? b.)In what circumstance(or "document")did he say it? c.)In this case, what was being threatened by potentially destructive taxation?

a) John Marshall b) McCulloch v. Maryland c) Maryland was trying to tax the Bank of the U.S. out of business

A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinley's, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock. —David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919-1941, 1965 Which of the following from the 1920s mostly clearly challenges the interpretation expressed in the excerpt? a.)The disarmament agreement among the great powers to limit warships and aggression b.)The passage of legislation to increase tariff rates and cut income taxes c.)The leasing of public lands to private oil companies d.)The reduction of federal regulations for businesses and the banking system

a.) The disarmament agreement among the great powers to limit warships and aggression

"One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on. the people has been most carefully guarded...A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property....Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end....With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character...It is always the people who toil that pay. -Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 The ideas expressed above were influenced by which of the following? a.)Widespread prosperity in the 1920s c.)Widespread economic hardship in the 1920s b.)Highly publicized antitrust prosecutions d.)The rapid growth of the welfare state in the 1920s

a.)Widespread prosperity in the 1920s

One important cause of the great stock market crash of 1929 was a.)overexpansion of production and consumer credit. b.)a tight money policy that made it difficult to obtain loans. c.)the lack of tariff protection for American markets from foreign competitors. d.)excessive government regulation of business.

a.)over expansion of production and consumer credit.

One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was a.)overproduction. b.)passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill. c.)the inability to purchase modern farm equipment. d.)the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.

a.)overproduction.

The international economic crisis caused by unpaid war reparations and loans was partially resolved by a.)private American bank loans to Germany that enabled Germany to pay war reparations. b.)forgiving the Allied loans and German reparations. c.)the creation of a new international economic system by the League of Nations. d.)forcing Germany to pay off the Allied loans to the United States.

a.)private American bank loans to Germany that enabled Germany to pay war reparations.

President Hoover believed that the federal government should do all of the following to end the Great Depression except a.)provide direct aid to the people. b.)directly assist businesses and banks. c.)keep faith in the efficiency of the industrial system. d.)continue to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.

a.)provide direct aid to the people.

The central scandal of Teapot Dome involved members of Harding's cabinet who a.)took bribes for leasing federal oil lands. b.)took expensive trips at taxpayer expense. c.)sold spoiled foodstuffs to the army and navy. d.)violated prohibition by tolerating gangster liquor deals.

a.)took bribes for leasing federal oil lands.

A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinley's, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock. —David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919-1941, 1965 Which of the following groups of politicians from between 1865 and 1900 most closely resemble the corrupt politicians during the Harding administration? a.)Politicians who failed to protect the freedmen in the South b.)Politicians who took shares of railroad stock in return for government subsidies c.)Politicians who gave government jobs to their political supporters as rewards d.)Politicians who violated the temperance laws and their professed moral beliefs

b.) Politicians who took shares of railroad stock in return for government subsidies

Which of the following trends of the 1920s is most clearly portrayed in this advertisement? a.)The expansion of auto dealers throughout the country b.)The use of credit plans to purchase consumer goods c.)The emergence of General Motors as the largest company d.)The growth of middle-class incomes

b.) The use of credit plans to purchase consumer goods

A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinley's, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock. —David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919-1941, 1965 Which of the following groups from the 1920s most likely would have supported the perspective of this excerpt? a.)Business and financial leaders b.)Democrats and Republicans who supported Progressive reforms c.)Supporters of reduced government spending and tax cuts d.)Native-born and older Americans with traditional values

b.)Democrats and Republicans who supported Progressive reforms

"One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on. the people has been most carefully guarded...A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property....Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end....With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character...It is always the people who toil that pay. -Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 Which of the following political ideas bestreflects the perspective of Calvin Coolidge in this passage? a.)Taxation is an effective means of redistributing wealth. b.)Government should be limited. c.)A bigger government can ensure social justice. d.)Government has the final say on what people do withtheir property.

b.)Government should be limited.

The sky-high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 had the economic effect of a.)lowering the value of American currency in international money markets. b.)crippling international trade and deepening the depression. c.)forcing foreign governments to negotiate fairer trade agreements. d.)raising so much revenue that the federal government was running surpluses.

b.)crippling international trade and deepening the depression.

The McNary-Haugen Bill passed by Congress and vetoed by President Coolidge was aimed to assist American farmers by a.)restricting the amount of crops farmers could plant in order to drive up prices. b.)having the federal government buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad. c.)providing federal loans for agricultural equipment and seeds. d.)blocking the import of certain cheaper agricultural commodities from Europe and Latin America.

b.)having the federal government buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad.

The Bonus Expeditionary Force (Bonus Army) marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand a.)an expanded American army and navy. b.)immediate full payment of a retirement bonus promised to WWI veterans almost a decade earlier. c.)punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C. d.)housing and health care assistance for veterans.

b.)immediate full payment of a retirement bonus promised to WWI veterans almost a decade earlier.

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of a.)farmers and wage earners. b.)the business community. c.)progressive reformers. d.)conservative New Engenders.

b.)the business community.

Which of the following groups faced the most difficult economic conditions during the 1920s? a.)Non-unionized workers in older industries b.)Assembly line workers in factories c.)Farmers and many rural areas d.)Businesses that did not accept credit cards

c.) Farmers and many rural areas

"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. We have not reached the goal—but we shall soon be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation." These words were delivered by ______ in 1928 (and they were very ironic words, as it turns out). a.)President Warren Harding b.)President Calvin Coolidge c.)President Herbert Hoover d.)Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon e.)InteriorSecretary Albert Fall.

c.) President Herbert Hoover

As president, Warren G. Harding proved to be a.)thoughtful and ambitious but impractical. b.)politically competent and concerned for the welfare of ordinary people. c.)weak-willed and tolerant of corruption among his friends and his cabinet. d.)better at managing domestic policy than foreign policy.

c.) weak-willed and tolerant of corruption among his friends and his cabinet.

Many historians criticize the economy that developed during the 1920s. Which of the following statements best supports that point of view? a.)Consumerism weakened the moral character of the nation b.) The growth of the auto industry badly hurt the railroads c.)Advertising was based on gaining status and popularity d.)The boom was based on speculation and borrowed money

d.) The boom was based on speculation and borrowed money

Which two terms best describe the Harding and Coolidge administrations' approach to foreign policy? a.)Internationalism and moralism b.)Interventionism and militarism c.)Balance of power and alliance-seeking d.)Isolationism and disarmament

d.)Isolationism and disarmament

The federal agency that Hoover established in order to provide pump-priming loans to business was the a.)BonusExpeditionary Force. b.)American Legion. c.)Grain Stabilization Corporation. d.)Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

d.)Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

"One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on. the people has been most carefully guarded...A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property....Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end....With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character...It is always the people who toil that pay. -Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 In thispassage, Coolidge is reacting against which of the following? a.)The economic policies of his predecessor Harding b.)The growing strength of radical politics in Americafollowing the 1917 Russian Revolution c.)Populist agitation in the West d.)The governmental policies of the Progressive Era

d.)The governmental policies of the Progressive Era

The very high tariff rates of the 1920s had the primary economic effect of a.)stimulating the formation of common markets among the major industrial nations. b.)causing severe deflation in the United States and Europe. c.)turning American trade away from Europe and toward Asia. d.)causing the Europeans to erect their own tariff barriers and thus severely reduce international trade.

d.)causing the Europeans to erect their own tariff barriers and thus severely reduce international trade.

When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover a.)was militantly anti-labor and against big government. b.)brought little administrative talent or experience to the job. c.)understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression. d.)combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.

d.)combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.

The 1932 Stimson doctrine a.)reversed the United States' long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America. b.)committed the United States to join the League of Nations' effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan for its invasion of Manchuria. c.)announced the United States' willingness to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy. d.)declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.

d.)declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact a.)formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. b.)set a schedule for German payment of war reparations. c.)established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers. d.)officially outlawed aggressive war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict.

d.)officially outlawed aggressive war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict.

President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was limited to a.)leaving the economy completely alone to work itself out of trouble. b.)providing direct federal aid to anyone who needed it: states, businesses, individuals. c.)working for the breakup of business monopolies. d.)stimulating the economy by offering federal assistance to businesses and banks.

d.)stimulating the economy by offering federal assistance to businesses and banks.

Unlike the progressive presidents, the relationship between government and big business advocated by the Republican presidents of the 1920s was that a.)federal regulation should take precedence over state and local government. b.)antitrust laws should be vigorously enforced to prevent monopolies. c.)the government should retain a role in operating key businesses like the railroads and utilities. d.)the government should keep hands off business and actively promote laissez-faire.

d.)the government should keep hands off business and actively promote laissez-faire.