Chapter 33 APWH

steve biko

(1946-1977) An organizer of black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody

Arab-isreali war of 1948

6 day war

nelson mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

bangladesh

An offensive against this country was the General Farman-led Operation Searchlight

African national congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

lineage

Ancestry

homelands

Areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

saddam hussein

As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

theodore herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

walter sisulu

Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa

indira gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.

biafra

Eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970.

neocolonial economy

Economy that results from continued dominance of the first- and second-world nations of the world's economy; ability of the first- and second-world nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism.

muslim brotherhood

Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.

anwar sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

hosni mubarak

Egyptian statesman who became president in 1981 after Sadat was assassinated (born in 1929)

F.W. de klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

leon pinkser

European Zionist who believed that Jewish acceptance in Christian nations was impossible; argued for a return to the Holy Land

government of india act

Gandhi's efforts paid off when Parliament passed this act. It was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. India was granted self-government and limited elections. The right to vote was increased from 7 million to 35 million. Additionally, it was a major step toward Indian independence which would come in 1947. Also fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus as both groups vied for power.

simon commission

In 1927 considered future Indian colonial government responses to nationalist demands; served to unify nationalist politicians on both right and left of independence movement and also to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus

jawaharlal nehru

Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule

mohammad mossaddeq

Iranian Prime Minister, who forced the shah to flee to Europe

ayatollah khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

free officers movement

Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

iran-iraq war

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.

gamal abdul nasser

Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956

hasan al-banna

an Egyptian social and political reformer, best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood, one of the largest and most influential 20th century Sunni revivalist organizations

muslim league

organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.