Chapter 36 (Bio Exam 3)

Pheromones are __________. an adaptation that originated in the vertebrates to facilitate mating functional only in terrestrial environments a strong influence on human reproductive behavior generally effective at very low concentrations typical only in species with internal fertilization

generally effective at very low concentrations

Which of the following structures is incorrectly paired with its function? Scrotum - encases testes and suspends them below the abdominal cavity Epididymis - tubules in which sperm mature Seminiferous tubule - adds fluid containing mucus, fructose, and prostaglandins to semen Prostate gland - adds fluid to semen Vas deferens - transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Seminiferous tubule - adds fluid containing mucus, fructose, and prostaglandins to semen

Which of the following is the correct path that sperm travel in leaving the body of a human male? Epididymis - seminiferous tubule - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra Epididymis - seminiferous tubule - ejaculatory duct - urethra - vas deferens Urethra -vas deferens - epididymis - seminiferous tubule - ejaculatory duct Seminiferous tubule - ejaculatory duct - urethra - vas deferens - epididymis Seminiferous tubule - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

Seminiferous tubule - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

In which location does fertilization usually take place in a human female? Ovary Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina

Oviduct

Which of the following is an accurate statement about parthenogenesis? Many animals will reproduce by parthenogenesis if kept in isolation for long periods. Offspring produced by parthenogenesis are all haploid. Parthenogenesis does not occur in insects. Parthenogenesis appears rare in vertebrates. Parthenogenesis is not an effective reproductive strategy.

Parthenogenesis appears rare in vertebrates.

Certain maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol, and radiation are most dangerous to embryonic development during ___________. the first two weeks, when the embryo has not yet implanted and spontaneous abortion may occur the first three months, when organogenesis is occurring the first and second trimesters, when the embryonic liver is not yet filtering toxins the second trimester, when the corpus luteum no longer secretes progesterone the third trimester, when the most rapid growth is occurring

the first three months, when organogenesis is occurring

In the human ovarian cycle, ovulation is triggered by a sharp rise in luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the cause of this sharp rise? A drop in follicle-stimulating hormone (FH) A rise in estradiol from the follicle A drop in gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus (GnRH) A rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum A drop in progesterone from the corpus luteum

A rise in estradiol from the follicle

Which of the following is a means of sexual reproduction? Fission Budding Parthenogenesis Fusion of egg and sperm All of the listed responses are correct.

Fusion of egg and sperm

What is an advantage of internal fertilization? Internal fertilization allows for production of a greater number of eggs. Internal fertilization is less energetically costly. Internal fertilization can occur outside of aquatic or marine habitats. Internal fertilization does not require communication. Internal fertilization requires less complicated reproductive systems.

Internal fertilization can occur outside of aquatic or marine habitats.

What is the relationship between Leydig cells and Sertoli cells? Leydig cells stimulate the production of sperm cells, and Sertoli cells nourish developing sperm. Leydig cells stimulate gametogenesis in males, and Sertoli cells stimulate the process in females. Leydig cells develop into Sertoli cells in the process of spermatogenesis. Leydig cells produce one male sex hormone, and Sertoli cells produce another. Leydig cells produce tropic hormones that trigger release of hormones by Sertoli cells.

Leydig cells stimulate the production of sperm cells, and Sertoli cells nourish developing sperm.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning mating behavior in asexually reproducing species? Mating behavior is maladaptive in asexually reproducing species. Mating behavior is a stimulus that can help to bring about ovulation in asexually reproducing species. Mating behavior only occurs in sexually reproducing species. Mating behavior is the first stage in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Mating behavior only occurs in asexually reproducing species during encounters with sexually reproducing species.

Mating behavior is a stimulus that can help to bring about ovulation in asexually reproducing species.

Which of the following statements correctly describes how the production of human sperm and eggs differs? Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas in females it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed when a sperm penetrates the egg. The meiotic production of gametes occurs before a female is born but does not begin until puberty in males. Each meiotic division produces four sperm but only two eggs. Meiosis occurs in the testes of males but in the oviducts of females. Primary oocytes stop dividing by mitosis before birth, whereas male primary spermatocytes continue to divide throughout life.

Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas in females it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed when a sperm penetrates the egg.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction is a vertebrate adaptation. Most animals produce offspring by sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction requires sexual intercourse. Animals that have sexual reproduction do not reproduce by asexual means. Sexual reproduction preceded the evolution of asexual reproduction.

Most animals produce offspring by sexual reproduction.

Which of the following is a difference between reproduction of humans (and other primates) and all other mammals? Only the penis of humans (and other primates) has erectile tissue. Estradiol only plays a role in regulation of primate reproduction. Only humans (and other primates) have menstrual cycles. Mammals other than primates lack secondary sexual characteristics. Primates have longer gestations than all other mammals.

Only humans (and other primates) have menstrual cycles.

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its function? Prolactin - stimulates breast development at puberty Androgens - responsible for primary and secondary male sex characteristics Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labor Estradiol - responsible for secondary female sex characteristics FSH - acts on Sertoli cells that nourish sperm, promoting spermatogenesis

Prolactin - stimulates breast development at puberty

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in the development of sperm in the process of spermatogenesis? Spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium - primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - early spermatid - sperm cell Primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium - early spermatid - sperm cell Early spermatid - primary spermocyte - spermatogonium -secondary spermocyte - spermatogonial stem cell - sperm cell Early spermatid - spermatogonial stem cell - primary spermocyte - spermatogonium -secondary spermocyte - sperm cell Primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - early spermatid - spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium -sperm cell

Spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium - primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - early spermatid - sperm cell

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the cleavage stage of early development? The pattern of cleavage is similar in all species. There is no increase in mass. Although the rate of cleavage differs, the number of divisions that occur in the cleavage stage is the same for all species. The yolk is mostly consumed. Embryonic germ layers are formed during cleavage.

There is no increase in mass.

Seasonal changes can be important to reproduction because __________. availability of resources to invest in gestating offspring can vary with season migration and other seasonal movement patterns can affect how easy it is to find a mate environmental stresses that could affect offspring survival can vary with season availability of resources on which young can feed can vary with season all of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct.

A hermaphrodite is __________. an individual with both male and female reproductive systems any asexually reproducing individual an organism lacking the ability to produce eggs the result of a developmental abnormality an organism that reproduces clonally to produce colonies of genetically identical individuals

an individual with both male and female reproductive systems

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle ___________. begins with falling levels of estradiol and progesterone involves the initial proliferation of the endometrium coincides with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle occurs when the endometrium begins to disintegrate and menstrual flow occurs

coincides with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Which hormone is produced by the human embryo during the first trimester and is necessary for maintaining a pregnancy? Estradiol Progesterone LH (luteinizing hormone) hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Examples of birth control methods that prevent the production or release of gametes are __________. birth control pills and IUDs condoms and diaphragms abstinence and hormonal contraception hormonal contraception and sterilization the progestin minipill and spermicidal foams

hormonal contraception and sterilization

The ectoderm germ layer gives rise to the __________. dermis and epidermis of the skin skeletal and muscular systems thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands jaws, teeth, and epidermis of the skin epithelial lining of the respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts

jaws, teeth, and epidermis of the skin

The human female's external reproductive structures are __________. one set of labia, bulbourethral gland, and clitoris the clitoris, two sets of labia, and vaginal opening the cervix, clitoris, and vaginal opening the cervix, one set of labia, and vaginal opening the endometrium, two sets of labia, and clitoris

the clitoris, two sets of labia, and vaginal opening

The "twofold cost" of sex refers to __________. the difficulty of finding a mate the fewer reproductive offspring produced by individuals of species that have two sexes the additional cost of parental care the necessity of retaining genes for the production of both eggs and sperm the energetic requirements of intercourse

the fewer reproductive offspring produced by individuals of species that have two sexes