chapter 4

Define REM sleep.

(Rapid eye movement) sleep, an active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs

How many levels of awareness (consciousness) are there?

5 levels of awareness

What is autism?

A disorder that affects communication and social interaction

What is narcolepsy?

A disorder that involves the sudden overpowering urge to sleep

What is a nightmare?

A frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep

What is day dreaming?

A low level of consciousness that is like dreaming when we are awake or mind wandering

Define sleep.

A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness

Define circadian rhythms.

A rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about 1 day2, the daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level (it is your daily biological clock, so your body knows when to get hungry, when to go to sleep, etc.)

What is sleep apnea?

A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because the brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly

Define suprachiasmatic nucleus.

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night

Define latent content.

According to Freud, a dream's hidden content, its unconscious and true meaning

Define unconscious thought.

According to Freud, a reservoir of unaccepted wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness

Define manifest content.

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning

Define awareness.

An awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences

What is an EEG?

An instrument used to monitor people's brain electrical activity, it does so by amplifying electrical signals from the brain

Which three animals sleep many hours, which three sleep a few hours per day, and which four are in between?

Bats, armadillos and cats sleep about 15-20 hours per day, cows, sheep and horses sleep about 3-4 hours per day, and foxes, rhesus monkeys, rabbits and humans sleep between 8-10 hours per day

Define consciousness.

Being aware of ourselves & environment

Can subconscious awareness happen when you are awake, sleeping or both?

Both

What do researchers measure with an EEG?

Brain-wave activity, eye movement, and muscle tension

What age person is most likely to get nightmares?

Children ages 3-6

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

Correct Heart rate and breathing rate are very low and steady. The brain is more active than during other stages of sleep. The eyes move back and forth. The major postural muscles are relaxed.

Circadian rhythms are those that:

Correct last about a day. inhibit all neural activity. are influenced by the phase of the moon. last about a month

The area of the brain known to generate the body's circadian rhythm is the

Correct suprachiasmatic nucleus. corpus callosum. cerebellum. parietal lobe.

Are awareness and arousal associated with one part of the brain or different parts of the brain?

Different parts

How is sleep related to disease?

Disease often strikes more often when people are sleeping, people who have trouble sleeping have more disease, having diseases makes us more sleepy, and people who have diseases have trouble sleeping

How are non-REM sleep dreams different from the ones that we have during REM sleep?

During non-REM sleep, the frequency of dreams is low, we are less likely to remember them, they are briefer, less vivid, less physically active, less emotionally charged, and less related to waking life

During which two stages of sleep does most bedwetting, sleep walking and sleep talking occur?

During stages 3 and 4

When does sleep walking occur?

During stages 3 and 4

How much sleep do we need every night?

Eight hours

What is Selective Attention?

Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, so you focus on something while ignoring irrelevant information that is also happening

What are four reasons that scientists think we need sleep?

From an evolutionary perspective, sleep might have developed because animals needed to protect themselves at night, so they do not become other animals' prey or hurt themselves in poor visibility Sleep helps conserve energy, especially when food is scarce, it is also safer to search for food in the light Sleep is restorative, and rebuilds the brain and body Sleep has a role in brain plasticity (the ability of the brain to change in response to experience), for example, sleep is vital for consolidating memories

Name the two stages of wakefulness, name the EEG pattern each has, and describe the EEG patterns associated with them.

If you are concentrating and alert, you have beta waves, which have a high frequency (go up and down a lot), low amplitude (not very high peaks), and are more desynchronous (do not form a consistent pattern) If you are relaxed but still awake, you have alpha waves, which are slower frequency, have a higher amplitude, and are more in a regular pattern

Define theory of mind.

Individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences (in other words, people understand that other people have different ideas about things than they do)

What is the Stroop Effect?

Interference in the reaction time of a task which is caused when the name of a word color does not match the color of the ink with which it is written it is harder to read the words

What is the false belief task?

It is a test that sees whether children have theory of mind and understand what others are feeling and know, it involves a girl putting chocolate into a blue cupboard and her mother moving it to a red cupboard without her knowing and whether children know where the girl will look for the chocolate. If they say she will look for it in the red cupboard they are missing theory of mind, since they think the girl knows what they do, if they say she will look for it in the blue cupboard, they do have theory of mind, since they know that the girl has a different mind than they do

What is the cocktail party effect?

It is a way to explain selective attention. You can focus on a single conversation and tune out irrelevant distracting information, even in a crowded cocktail party where lots of other conversations are taking place

Is it easier to fly from the US to Israel (east) or from Israel to the US (west)? Why?

It is easier to fly west, because your body clock actually runs longer than 24 hours and has to adjust to the 24 cycle every day. When you fly west, you gain a few hours, which is close to actual body cycle and what your body wants, so it is easy for your body to adapt, but when you fly east, you lose hours so it is harder for your body to adapt

What can cause your biological clock to become desynchronized?

Jet travel, changes in work shifts, and insomnia (the inability to sleep)

As people get older do they require more or less sleep? (see diagram)

Less sleep

What is a common sign of sleep apnea?

Loud snoring punctuated by silence

What hormone increases at night in humans that has an effect on how sleepy someone is?

Melatonin

By what age do most children pass the false belief task?

Nearly all children who are over age 4 pass

Should you believe what sleep talkers are saying?

No

Are all of the stages the same amount of time each time you go through them?

No, for example, at the beginning of the night your REM stage is shorter than it is at the end of the night

What did Freud believe that dreams were a key to?

Our unconscious minds

What happens if we don't get enough sleep?

People have trouble paying attention, there is decreased brain activity in certain regions, and people have difficulty making moral decisions

Define biological rhythms.

Periodic psychological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and decelerated cycles of brain activity, which can influence behavior

What are the benefits of sleep in infants and children?

Physical growth and brain development

Which stage of sleep is associated with memory?

REM

See the graph, what happens to sleep as we go through the night?

REM and stage 2 periods get longer as the night progresses and stage 3 and 4 get briefer and eventually disappear as the night progresses

When people have narcolepsy, which stage of sleep do they immediately enter?

REM rather than progressing through the first four stages

What happens with the Stroop Effect?

Reading word becomes harder, reading is an unconscious/ automatic process, when you read the word red you think of the color red, when the ink is a different color from what you read, it is not automated and the mind must check itself

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

Regulates the pineal gland's secretion of the hormone melatonin

How many times do you go through all of the sleep stages in one night?

Several times

Why do you need a good night's sleep before a test?

Since sleep helps enhance your memory

What do scientists think causes SIDS?

Sleep apnea

What is somniloquy?

Sleep talking

What is somnambulism?

Sleep walking

What can you do to help reset your biological clock if it becomes desynchronized?

Spend as much time in the daylight as possible because bright light increases wakefulness

Name and describe the five stages of sleep and the EEG patterns. (see chart)

Stage 1, light sleep lasting 10 minutes, theta waves of low frequency, low amplitude Stage 2, deeper sleep characterized by occasional sleep spindles (sudden, brief, high-frequency waves), person is no longer conscious of the environment, lasting up to 20 minutes Stage 3, progressively more muscle relaxation and emergence of delta waves (slower and high amplitude) lasts up to 40 minutes Stage 4, deep sleep when sleeper is difficult to rouse, delta waves, large slow brain waves occur Stage 5, instead of reentering stage 1 sleep the individual shows EEG patterns similar to those of relaxed wakefulness, most dreaming occurs in this stage, lasts for about 10 minutes in first sleep cycle of the night and up to 1 hour in the last, called REM sleep—rapid eye movement

Define automatic processing.

States of consciousness that require little attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

What is a night terror?

Sudden arousal from sleep (non REM) and intense fear

What is SIDS?

Sudden infant death syndrome, the unexpected sleep-related death of an infant less than one year old

What are myoclonic jerks and when do they occur?

Sudden muscle movements that occur in stage 1 of sleep

What do memory studies on young and older adults show?

That young adults remember more in the pm and older adults remember more in the am, in other words, older adults are morning people, and young adults are not

What happens after people go through stages 1-4 of sleep?

The drift up toward wakefulness

What is insomnia?

The inability to sleep because of problems falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

Define controlled processes.

The most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

Define arousal.

The physiological state of being engaged with the environment

What is the Brain workspace?

The prefrontal cortex, anterior cortex, and associated areas that are an assembly of neurons that are thought to work in cooperation and to produce the sense of consciousness

What part of the brain is associated with sleep?

The reticular formation

What does it mean that the state of being conscious happens in a global brain workshop?

The state of being conscious involves various brain areas working in parallel

What is the part of the brain that plays the most important role in monitoring the change from day to night by getting information from your eyes?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which part of the brain is responsible for the synchronization of circadian rhythm?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Define stream of consciousness.

The term used to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

When a person is asleep to they have some level of consciousness or none?

They have some

What happens to adolescents'' biological clocks as they get older and what does this mean for school start times?

They shift and delay their period of wakefulness for an hour so they should start school later

What characterizes non-REM sleep?

This is the sleep we have in stages 1-4 when there is a lack of rapid eye movement and little dreaming

What does it mean if your biological clock becomes desynchronized?

When you are thrown off your regular schedule, when your bodies time is out of sync with clock time (Like when you have jet lag)

Do all animals need sleep?

Yes

Do we dream during non-REM sleep?

Yes

According to Freud, how can you find out the latent content of a dream?

You have to analyze the dream images (the manifest content) to try to figure out the meaning (the latent content)

The delta-wave EEG pattern is associated with

a waking state. REM sleep dreaming. Correct deep sleep.

Freud referred to the hidden content of dreams, which he said were represented only symbolically, as the __________ content.

manifest Correct latent psychodynamic eclectic

Prey animals are likely to sleep _______ than predators.

more Correct less the same

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

neuroadaptation. narcolepsy. hypnagogic sensations. Correct selective attention.

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements, you probably would report that you had

not really been asleep. a headache. not been dreaming. Correct been dreaming.

One study compared memory abilities in young adults and older adults at different times of day. Early in the morning, the older adults performed __________ the young adults; later in the day, the older adults performed __________

worse than...worse than Correct equal to...worse than equal to...equal to worse than...equal to

Consider each of these states and decide which on is higher-level consciousness, lower-level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconscious awareness, and no awareness:

• A person who is in a comma No awareness • A person high on drugs Altered state of consciousness • A person taking a test Higher level consciousness • A person eating a sandwich Lower-level consciousness • A person sleeping who swats his nose when a bug lands on it Subconscious awareness

Name, explain, and give an example of the five levels of awareness (consciousness)

• Higher level consciousness—involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal, the most alert state of consciousness, for example, doing a math problem • Lower-level consciousness—includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as day dreaming, for example, typing on a keyboard when one is an expert • Altered states of consciousness—can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation, for example, feeling the effects of having taken alcohol • Subconscious awareness—can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming, for example, when you are grappling with a problem and the answer pops into your head or when you are sleeping • No awareness—Freud's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them, for example, being knocked out by a blow or having unconscious thoughts that you don't know you have