chapter 4 and 5 quiz

consciousness of kind

Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________. ​

demeanor

The way we behave or conduct ourselves is referred to as __________.

authoritarian

In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.​

laissez-faire

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.​

conformity

Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.

informal activities within a bureaucracy

The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to __________

Charles H. Cooley

The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________.​

significant others

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. ​

shared interests

Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common?​

travel

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?

the KKK

Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?​

Max Weber

Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?

obedience

__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.​

groupthink

__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

instrumental

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.​

expressive

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.​

instrumental

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.

expressive

__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.​

expressive

__________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.​

coalition

​ A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.​

stigma

​ Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.

democratic

​ Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

primary group

​ Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.

social script

​ When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.

ethnomethodologists

​According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?

face-saving behavior

​Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.

master

​Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.

secondary

​Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.

values

​Social structure consists of all of these, except __________.

feeling rules

​Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

​Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.

secondary group

​Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

dramaturgical analysis

​The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

status symbol

​Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

interactions are emotion-based

​Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

in order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student

​Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational?

functionalist

​__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

role distancing

​__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

conflict

​__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

conflict

​__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.