chapter 4 -- connect (digestive system)

the stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on te contents and size of the meal

1-4

the parietal cells of the stomach secrete

HCl

in the small intestines the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

be completely mixed with digestive juices and come in close contact with the villi

digestive enzymes do what?

catalyze chemical rxns

Gallstones are composed of

cholesterol and bile pigments

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for _______________

defecation

the order of the parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

the protein _______ found in wheat and related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease

gluten

what is irritable bowels syndrome effect on cancer?

has no effect on the risk of cancer

the acid-resistant bacteria, ______ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers

helicobacter pylori

the two components of saliva

lingual lipase and salivary amylase

the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut

microbiota

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.

secretin

digestion is

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components

what percent of the U.S. population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome?

10-15%

how long does it take for a meal's residue to travel through the large intestine?

12-24 hours

how much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?

about 29 cups

the function of the epithelial cells are to (4)

absorb nutrients secrete important substances excrete wastes protect underlying tissues

the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures

accessory

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

amino acids and glucose

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestines via active absorption

amino acids and glucose

lifestyle change modifications for GERD and ulcers often include

avoiding foods that cause reflux SX eating small meals instead of large ones not laying down right after eating

HCl destroys what in food?

bacteria and viruses

3 structures made up of connective tissue

cartilage, tendons, bones

order of large intestine

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat ands stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile_

cholecystokinin

the liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food known as

chyme

nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids and fiber daily

risk factors for gallstone formation (4)

consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet excess weight female rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting

common causes of food intolerances include:

deficiencies in digestive enzyme toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria sensitivities to a food component *(such as gluten)

the gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. this recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ______ circulation

enterohepatic

food intolerances are caused by the inability to digest certain food components, usually due to a lack of specific _____-

enzymes

hydrolysis rxs are catalyazed by

enzymes

swallowing moves food from the mouth to the

esophagus

what are some nutrients that absorbed in the lympathic system?

fat-soluble vitamins and most fats

what is absorbed via passive diffusion?

fats

current research does not support the use of dietary _____ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

fiber

what nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

fructose

which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

fructose

experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder ________

gastroespohagel reflux disease

the amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is

glutamate

How well a persons individual organs work is determined by

his/her overall nutritional state

the main functions of the large intestine (3)

house gut microbiota absorb water and electrolytes form and expel feces

because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at _____ risk for constipation

increased

the substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is...

intrinsic factor

the villi contain ____ to transport nutrients to larger lympth vessels

lacteals

healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine

lactobacilli and bifidobacteria

beneficial bacteria reside in the ______ intestine

large

the _______ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, espeically sodium and potassium are absorbed

large

pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ________ for digestion

lipids

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the _____.

lymphatic system

the brush border enzymes of the small intestine are responsible for the chemical digestion of the ______

macronutrients

the digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

which layer of the wall of the instestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients

mucosa

which layer of the wall of the tract as many fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients

mucosa

is IBS associated with other serious digestive disorders?

no

is inflammatory bowel disease another name for irritable bowel syndrome?

no

digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

pH of the environment in which they function in type of chemical rxn they catalyze vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the GI tract are called

peristalsis

causes of hemorrhoids

pregnancy and obesity straining during BM added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus

main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to

prevent the backflow of GI tract contents

____________ are living microoragnisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits

probitoics

the bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir, and miso are known as _____ bacteria

probitotic

digestive enzymes are made of

protein

what is needed to facilitate active absorption?

protein carrier and energy

______ weight loss is associated with the formation of gallstones

rapid

what nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system?

short/medium fatty acid chains proteins, carbs, b vitamins, vitmatin c water-soluble nutrients

the most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract

small intestine

younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine

what is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestines from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate

chyme is formed in the ____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

the site of limited nutrient absorption is the

stomach

This layer of the wall of the digestive tract contains blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract

submucosa

this layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances to and from the GI tract

submucosa

phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine

surround and engulf a solid compound

the contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at a rate of a ____ at a time

teaspoon

the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control what?

the flow of food contents from the stomach into the small intestine

the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the U.S. arw

ulcerative colitis and chron's disease

which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of MSG?

umami

what is absorbed in the large intestine?

water and electrolytes

hydrolysis rxns occur when

water mcls are used to break down lg mcls

what nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system

water-soluble nutrients, short/medium fatty acids, proteins/carbs/b and vitamin c

irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger ______

women

are enzymes specific to one type of chemical process

yes