chapter 4: development across the life span

Whereas around the year 1900 Americans could expect to live, on average, only into their late ____s, since then the average life expectancy has increased by more than ______ years. Still, we peak in fitness in our_____s. Our vision and hearing begin to decline in sensitivity, and by the time we reach our____s most of us show some decline in cognitive abilities such as verbal and math skills.

40, 30, 20, 50, 70

According to dynamic systems theory, a person's behavior is the product of ongoing interactions between the person's internal - and his or her external - and environmental contexts. For example, the Kipsigi people in Kenya deliberately train their children to -and then to__ with the result being that their children learn to walk anywhere from____ sooner, on average, than American and European children

Biology cultural Sit Walk 1 to 2 months

A person pays his camping fee at a campground based on the honor system.

Conventional

As a child grows into adolescence, parents continue to be a major influence, partly by shaping their children's choices about friends. But - argued that - parental and societal ideas is an important part of figuring out one's - . The resulting conflicts can help an adolescent learn skills such as negotiation, critical thinking, communication, and empathy.

Erik Erikson Questioning and challenging Stable identity

A teenager likes to play fantasy video games.

Formal Operational

Following Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, put these scenarios in order, from earlier moral development to later moral development.

Janet took the toy because she wanted it Tim followed the rule to walk in the hallway even when the teacher wasn't present Susan trespassed on state property to save the kitten

Which of the following types of changes would be part of the cognitive developmental domain?

Memory formation development of logical reasoning Language acquisition

Why do some psychologists not agree with Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Not everyone progresses through Kohlberg's emotional stages in the same order. His theory only emphasizes cognitive aspects of moral decision making, rather than emotional aspects. His theory underplays the effects of shame, pride, or embarrassment on our moral judgments.

Billy is upset when his dad leaves and gives him big hugs when he returns.

Secure

What do older adults tend to do when searching for meaning in later life?

Spend time reflecting and sharing memories with their family, Devote more time to close friends, Focus on positive experiences they have had, rather than negative ones.

A toddler's schema for "ball" assumes that a ball is round and soft, and that it bounces and rolls. When he goes to play ball with a friend, the friend brings out a football that is hard and oblong, and bounces and rolls in a funny way. According to Jean Piaget, what needs to happen to the toddler's ball schema?

accommodation

What capabilities do newborns have?

acute sense of smell limited visual acuity recognition of sounds

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how do humans organize information?

assimilation accommodation schemas formed

prenatal growth, first 2 months

embryo

Good maternal nutrition is vital for proper development of organs during the - period. For instance, - deficiency can lead to improper development of the brain and spinal cord, which may result in a birth defect called -. To avoid this deficiency, pregnant mothers can either - or eat foods containing this nutrient.

embryonic folic acid spina bifida take vitamins

prenatal growth, months 2 through 9

fetus

Which of the following are true of the adolescent brain during puberty?

frontal cortex not fully developed limbic system develops

A middle-aged woman volunteers as a coach for a youth softball team

generativity versus stagnation

An adolescent explores joining various extracurricular groups and clubs in high school.

identity versus role confusion

A child feels competent after receiving compliments on his project.

industry versus inferiority

A small boy breaks a vase while his parents are in another part of the house. After unsuccessfully trying to glue the vase back together, he realizes he has to tell his parents what happened. Three years later, the boy asks his parents to enroll him in a summer soccer clinic. In the fall, he gets compliments on his improved skills and feels more accepted by his peers. Which psychosocial crises do these episodes represent, according to Erik Erikson?

initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion

Jimmy cries for hours after his dad leaves but simultaneously clings to his dad and hits him when he returns.

insecure ambivalent

Tommy shows no reaction when his dad leaves and ignores his dad when he comes back.

insecure avoidant

growth of brain and body

physical development

A person gives his prescription medicine to someone who is very sick and has no money.

postconventional

A person takes three items from the yard sale but pays for two.

preconventional

A child organizes toys by color.

preoperational

Infants are born with certain reflexes. These include the - reflex, by which an infant responds to a touch at the corner of her mouth by turning her head and opening her mouth; the - reflex, by which an infant closes her mouth on a nipple and begins to suck; and the - reflex, by which an infant will close her hand when her palm is touched.

rooting sucking grasping

A toddler puts toys into his mouth.

sensorimotor

Which of the following behaviors of the biological father has been shown by research to affect prenatal development?

smoking drinking alcohol

changes in understanding self and others

socio-emotional development

Some symptoms of dementia are progressive decreases in memory, thinking, and behavior. What are the major causes of dementia in order adults?

strokes Alzheimer's disease

Maria babysits a toddler. He says to her, "You go. Me TV." What stage of speech is he demonstrating?

telegraphic

Before taking any medicines, pregnant women are advised to read the warning labels. These labels can identify substances known to harm the developing fetus, known as __________ .

teratogens

The theory of mind holds that, from very early social interactions with others, humans learn about the world. According to this theory, what abilities do children have by the time they are one year old?

understanding another person's intentions understanding another person's desires understanding another person's beliefs understanding another person's mental state

Which of the following are effects of a happy marriage?

women report more emotional satisfaction, men and women live longer, men report more sexual satisfaction, men are healthier,

fertilized egg

zygote

Which of the following accurately describes a limitation of Erik Erikson's eight stage theory of psychosocial development?

It has not been subjected to enough direct research.

Linus is an infant who has a longstanding attachment to his cuddly blanket. According to Harry Harlow, what type of attachment has been formed?

contacting comfort

Brian is 50 years old and has been a postal worker for 30 years. He successfully provides for his wife and children, and he serves as a Boy Scout leader and church youth leader. He feels he is contributing to the well-being of the next generation. According to Erik Erikson, what is Brian experiencing?

generativity

A grandmother is content and happy with her life decisions.

integrity versus despair

A college student has a serious boyfriend for the first time.

intimacy versus isolation

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following types of thinking are demonstrated at the preoperational level?

lack of understanding law of conservation, egocentric, centration

Married couples with children consistently report _______ satisfaction with their marriages than childless couples, especially when the children are _____. According to marriage researchers, a discussion of ____ that takes place ____ the child is born can prevent later misunderstanding and resentment.

less, adolescents, roles and responsibilities, before

During prenatal development, the embryo and fetus are exposed to nicotine. What are the possible effects?

low birth weight, miscarriage, still birth, mental retardation, learning difficulties

Phonemes

"A" "e" "I" "O" "U"

overregularization

"I ated my meal"

telegraphic speech

"Me go"

Morphemes

"Red" "Un-" "play" "-ful"

babbling

"ba-ba-ba"

The identify-formation challenge that - described is especially great for children in ethnic minority groups. They are aware of how their groups are labeled by - and often have to serve as -, helping their parents with paperwork and acting as translators. If all goes well, however, the children develop valuable - and a -identity

Erik Erikson the dominant culture cultural brokers skills bicultural

Jean Piaget's theory revolutionized understanding of cognitive development and is still influential today. But newer research findings suggest that some aspects of his theory may not be precisely correct. Select all of the following aspects of Piaget's theory that modern research and practices have reconsidered.

Infants are not aware that hidden objects exist. A child cannot be in multiple stages of cognitive development at once.

What are some of the research findings on infant attachment?

Infants give their first social smile at 4 to 6 weeks. Infant attachment behaviors are innate. Displaying attachment behaviors is adaptive

Which of the following physical changes occur during puberty?

Primary sex characteristics develop. Secondary sex characteristics develop. Height and weight increase. Hormone levels increase.

What is the typical developmental sequence in children learning how to walk?

Raise head, roll over, sit up, stand holding support, walk hold support, crawl, stand unsupported, walk unsupported

Place each item in order from earlier to later language development, based on what the infant is saying.

cries, grunts,laughs "bub-bub-bub" "pet kitty" "May I please have a cookie?"

Infants who sleep on their - are more likely to skip the - stage of motor development. However, infants who sleep in this position are at less risk for -, and for this reason, it is the position recommended by pediatricians.

backs crawling Sudden infant death syndrome

What are the long-range effects of secure attachment on development?

better peer relationships better school adjustment better childhood socio-emotional functioning

Recreational drug use during pregnancy is very dangerous. Which recreational drugs have been linked with a higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome?

cocaine methadone

changes in mental processes

cognitive development

A child likes to play category games.

concrete operational

Upon being adopted, babies may be put in intensive programs with their foster parents. The babies' new caregivers give massages and hold and rock the babies continually. The program is based on Harry Harlow's finding that attachment requires __________.

contact comfort Physical touch

A director of a senior center is designing programs for the senior participants. To support healthy aging and prevent dementia, which of the following components should the director consider?

moderate exercise, such as walking and swimming time for seniors to socialize cognitively stimulating games, such as Jeopardy

Which of the following cognitive tasks would an elderly person (with no dementia) perform well on?

playing a familiar card game retelling a family vacation story