Chapter 4 DSM (+What you need to know)
__________ is the commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but that are considered unethical.
Computer abuse Computer abuse is the commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but that are considered unethical. The popularity of the Internet and email has turned one form of computer abuse—spamming—into a serious problem for both individuals and businesses. Computer forensics is the scientific collection, examination, authentication, preservation, and analysis of data held on or retrieved from computer storage media in such a way that the information can be used as evidence in a court of law. Green computing refers to practices and technologies for designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated devices such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems to minimize impact on the environment. Grid computing refers to applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem.
Which of the following is an ethical issue caused by the doubling of computer power every 18 months?
Dependence on systems and increased vulnerability to system errors and poor data quality Dependence on systems and increased vulnerability to system errors and poor data quality is a potential ethical issue caused by the doubling of computer power every 18 months. -Advancement in data storage has benefitted organizations by reducing the costs involved in storing data. -Increase in storage capacities is not an ethical issue, as it enables organizations to store large repositories of information. -Data storage advancement is responsible for the multiplying number of databases on individuals.
"If the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone" refers to which ethical principle of conduct?
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative is that if the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. -The Golden Rule is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision. Also known as "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," this can help you think about fairness in decision making. -Descartes' rule of change is that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. This is the slippery-slope rule: An action may bring about a small change now that is acceptable, but if it is repeated, it would bring unacceptable changes in the long run. -The Utilitarian Principle is to take the action that achieves the higher or greater value. This rule assumes you can prioritize values in a rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action.
Which of the following statements is true about privacy and freedom in the Internet age?
Individual claims to privacy are threatened by the cheap availability of information. Individual claims to privacy are threatened by the cheap availability of information is true about privacy and freedom in the Internet age. Technology has made the invasion of privacy profitable and effective. -Claims to privacy are also present in the workplace where individuals are subject to high-tech surveillance. -The Internet has decreased the privacy of personal information. -In the Internet age, millions of people are subject to electronic surveillance and other forms of high-tech surveillance systems.
How does the advent of information technology affect the work-life balance of an employee?
Leisure time has been converted into a time to do work. Leisure time has been converted into a time to do work is how the advent of information technology affects the work-life balance of an employee. Even leisure time spent on the computer threatens close social relationships. The work umbrella now extends far beyond the eight-hour day into commuting time, vacation time, and leisure time. The traditional boundaries that separate work from family and just plain leisure have been weakened. With the possibility of working from anywhere, work is no longer restricted to an office premises.
Which of the following statements is true about equality in access to information technology?
Ownership of computers and digital devices has broadened, but the digital divide still exists. Ownership of computers and digital devices has broadened, but the digital divide still exists is true about equality in access to information technology. Information, knowledge, computers, and access to these resources through educational institutions and public libraries are inequitably distributed along ethnic and social class lines, as are many other information resources. Technology is not equally distributed among the social and racial classes. The poor and minority groups of people are less likely to own computers or have Internet access even with the increase in computer ownership over the past. In recent years, ownership of computers and digital devices has broadened, but the digital divide still exists.
Which of the following ethical issues in information systems has become a greater concern because of the rise of the Internet?
Protection of personal privacy Protection of personal privacy is an ethical issue in information systems because of the rise of the Internet. The development of information technology will produce benefits for many and costs for others. -The Internet makes it easier than ever to distribute information across the globe. -The source code of open software is freely available to users. Users can modify or edit the source code. -The Internet has benefitted information systems by making it easy to assemble and integrate information.
Which of the following is an impact of information technology on employment?
Redesigning business processes has caused many employees to lose their jobs. Redesigning business processes has caused many employees to lose their jobs is an impact of information technology on employment. It has caused millions of mid-level managers and clerical workers to lose their jobs. The advent of automation has replaced existing manual labor with machines. Unskilled workers and manual labor are finding it difficult to be part of the new business processes that entirely depend on machines and automation tools. Reengineering has caused many workers to lose their jobs. As processes get automated, the need for manual labor becomes obsolete.
You collect information about individuals, analyze them, identify buying patterns, and sell the data to another organization for their marketing purposes. Which of the following actions from this scenario typically raises an ethical concern?
Selling the information to an external organization Selling the information to an external organization typically raises an ethical concern. Due to the advances in data analysis techniques, demand for personal data from large organizations is enormous, thus making this business a lucrative one. -Analyzing buying behavior is part of any organization's marketing process, which cannot be avoided and does not pose any real ethical concern. -Using the information to strengthen marketing processes does not typically pose an ethical concern. -Increasing customer satisfaction is beneficial to both the organization and individual customer.
__________ is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision.
The Golden Rule The Golden Rule is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision. Also known as "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," this can help you think about fairness in decision making. -Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative is that if the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. -Descartes' rule of change is that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. This is the slippery-slope rule: An action may bring about a small change now that is acceptable, but if it is repeated, it would bring unacceptable changes in the long run. -The Utilitarian Principle is to take the action that achieves the higher or greater value. This rule assumes you can prioritize values in a rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action.
To take the action that produces the least harm or the least potential cost refers to which ethical principle of conduct?
The Risk Aversion Principle The Risk Aversion Principle is to take the action that produces the least harm or the least potential cost. -The Golden Rule is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision. Also known as "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," this can help you think about fairness in decision making. -Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative is that if the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. -Descartes' rule of change is that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. This is the slippery-slope rule: An action may bring about a small change now that is acceptable, but if it is repeated, it would bring unacceptable changes in the long run.
To take the action that achieves the higher or greater value refers to which ethical principle of conduct?
The Utilitarian Principle The Utilitarian Principle is to take the action that achieves the higher or greater value. This rule assumes you can prioritize values in a rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. -The Golden Rule is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision. Also known as "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," this can help you think about fairness in decision making. -Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative is that if the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. -Descartes' rule of change is that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. This is the slippery-slope rule: An action may bring about a small change now that is acceptable, but if it is repeated, it would bring unacceptable changes in the long run.
Which of the following is a threat posed by the Internet to individual privacy?
The ability to track user information based on browsing data The ability to track user information based on browsing data is a threat posed by the Internet to individual privacy. Web sites track searches that have been conducted, the Web sites and Web pages visited, the online content a person has accessed, and so on. -Anyone can share information over the Internet at any time without the threat of any restrictions. -Cookies are small text files deposited on a computer hard drive when a user visits Web sites. Cookies identify the visitor's Web browser software and track visits to the Web site. -Information technology has made it difficult to protect intellectual property because computerized information can be so easily copied or distributed on networks.
Which of the following best describes privacy?
The claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance The claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance, best describes privacy. Claims to privacy are also involved at the workplace. Millions of employees are subject to electronic and other forms of high-tech surveillance. -Privacy is the requirement of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance. -Organizations keep individuals under high-tech surveillance; the claim of these individuals to be free of such monitoring refers to privacy. -Privacy refers to the claim of individuals to be left alone, free from high-tech surveillance systems.
The principle that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise refers to which ethical principle of conduct?
The ethical "no free lunch" rule The ethical "no free lunch" rule is that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise. If something someone else has created is useful to you, it has value, and you should assume the creator wants compensation for this work. -The Golden Rule is putting yourself into the place of others and thinking of yourself as the object of the decision. Also known as "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," this can help you think about fairness in decision making. -Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative is that if the action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone. -Descartes' rule of change is that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. This is the slippery-slope rule: An action may bring about a small change now that is acceptable, but if it is repeated, it would bring unacceptable changes in the long run.
Which of the following is an ethical issue caused by the advancement in data storage techniques?
Access to confidential information Access to confidential information is an ethical issue caused by the advancement in data storage techniques. These advances in data storage have made the routine violation of individual privacy both cheap and effective. -Advancement in data storage has benefitted organizations by reducing the costs involved in storing data. -Increase in storage capacities is not an ethical issue, as it enables organizations to store large repositories of information. -Data storage advancement is responsible for the multiplying number of databases on individuals.
Christine developed a new software program, copyrighted its source code, and licensed it to her customers to use it for a fixed period of time. Which of the following statements holds true in this scenario?
The law protects her against the copying of the entire software program. The law protects her against the copying of the entire software program holds true in this scenario. The drawback to copyright protection is that the underlying ideas behind a work are not protected, only their manifestation in a work. -Copyright is a statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual property from having their work copied by others for any purpose during the life of the author plus an additional 70 years after the author's death. -A competitor can use the copyrighted software, understand how it works, and build new software that follows the same concepts without infringing on a copyright. -Copyright protects against copying of entire programs or their parts.
__________ are tiny software programs that keep a record of users' online clickstream.
Web beacons Web beacons are tiny software programs that keep a record of users' online clickstream. Marketers use Web beacons as another tool to monitor online behavior. -Cookies are small text files deposited on a computer hard drive when a user visits Web sites. -Keylogger refers to spyware that records every keystroke made on a computer to steal personal information or passwords or to launch Internet attacks. -Spam refers to junk emails sent by an organization to a mass audience of Internet users.
Ethical issues in information systems are significant because of __________.
the opportunity for intense social change and distribution of power Information systems raise new ethical questions for both individuals and societies because of the opportunity for intense social change and distribution of power, thus, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations. Laws, technology, and security standards are important, but don't have the same impact on opportunities allowing for a change in social structure and distribution of power.
Information systems affect ethical principles because __________.
they raise concerns about the use of intellectual property Information systems affect ethical principles because they raise concerns about the use of intellectual property. These systems unleash new concerns about the appropriate use of customer information, the protection of personal privacy, and the protection of intellectual property. -Information systems have made it easier than ever to assemble, integrate, and distribute information. -Information systems create opportunities for intense social change. They threaten existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations. -A pressing ethical issue raised by information systems includes establishing accountability for the consequences of information systems.
