Chapter 4 (Facts and Notes)

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Figure 4.4.2: Example of a browser's built-in cleanup for temporary Internet files.) The Chrome web browser allows various items to be cleaned up, or (another name for this)...

"cleared"

(4.3 OS stories) How much did Bill Gates purchase the Quick and Dirty Operating System, or QDOS, for?

$50, 000

(4.3 OS stories) (Figure 4.3.1: X) What did Microsoft Windows 1.0 cost when it was introduced?

(Figure 4.3.1: Microsoft Windows 1.0 was introduced in 1986 and cost $99 USD.) $99

(4.3 OS stories) (Figure 4.3.1: X) When was Microsoft Windows 1.0 introduced?

(Figure 4.3.1: Microsoft Windows 1.0 was introduced in 1986 and cost $99 USD.) 1986

(4.1 OS basics) True or False: Desktop operating systems like Windows and Mac OS X support multi-users.

True Desktop operating systems like Windows and Mac OS X also support multi-users but are commonly used by a single user.

(4.3 OS stories) What were the intentions Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft with?

Gates and Allen started Microsoft to create and sell an implementation of the BASIC high-level programming language for a particular PC of that time.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) True or False: Some operating systems provide a monitoring app to help determine which apps are using the most CPU or memory.

True Guided by this information, a user can know which apps to quit.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) What is the name of the monitoring app that the operating system Mac OS X provides users to help determine which apps are using the most CPU or memory?

the Activity Monitor app

(4.4 Being a good OS user) What is the name of the monitoring app that the operating system Windows provides users to help determine which apps are using the most CPU or memory?

the Task Manager app

(4.4 Being a good OS user) What is the name of the monitoring app that the operating system Unix provides users to help determine which apps are using the most CPU or memory?

the Top app

(4.3 OS stories) Apple became a billion-dollar company by ...

the mid-1980's.

(4.1 OS basics) To carry out a task, an application may have to interact with ...

a keyboard, mouse, screen, USB device, WiFi, etc.

(4.1 OS basics) What is an application?

An application is a program that a user runs to carry out a user task, like listening to music or surfing the web.

(4.1 OS basics) What does OS stand for?

An operating system

(4.1 OS basics) What is another name for an app?

Application

(4.3 OS stories) When did Bill Gates and Paul Allen start Microsoft?

1975

(4.3 OS stories) When did Bill Gates introduce MS-DOS?

1981

(4.3 OS stories) Around what year was Apple nearing bankruptcy?

1996

(4.4 Being a good OS user) As a computer gets used, what begins to fill the computer's drive?

As a computer gets used, new files, folders, and apps begin to fill the computer's drive.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) True or False: Every tab or window of a web browser acts as a single application.

False Each tab or window of a web browser can act as a unique application.

(4.1 OS basics) What is portability?

A feature - An application program's ability to run without modification on different kinds of computers.

(4.1 OS basics) What is a file?

A file is a collection of information stored somewhere on a drive, such as a music file, movie file, word processing file, or an application.

(4.1 OS basics) What is a folder?

A folder is a grouping of files or other folders, that helps a user organize items.

(4.1 OS basics) What is a multi-user OS?

A multi-user OS is a multitasking OS that runs multiple users' applications, keeping each user's applications and files separate, and switching among applications fast enough (typically thousands of times per second) to give the user the illusion of being the only user on the computer.

(4.1 OS basics) How does a multitasking OS treat applications?

A multitasking OS supports running multiple applications seemingly simultaneously, akin to a chef stirring the sauce a bit, then shaking a frying pan a bit, then stirring again, then shaking again, etc.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) Why will a nearly-full drive sometimes cause apps to run slowly?

A nearly-full drive may cause apps to run slowly because the apps and OS will struggle to find drive space.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) When a multitasking OS is involved, what may cause the current app a user runs to do so slowly?

A user commonly doesn't quit previous apps before running another app. A multitasking OS may continue to run those previous apps, which occupy valuable CPU time and memory, causing the user's current app to run slowly.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) How might a user deal with less needed items when "cleaning up a drive"?

A user might copy less needed items to a portable drive or cloud storage before deleting.

(4.3 OS stories) What did Steve Jobs do after leaving Apple?

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded a new company called NeXT Computer. (During that time, Jobs also co-founded Pixar, the animated movie company responsible for Toy Story and other hugely-popular movies).

(4.1 OS basics) What is an app?

An app is a program that a user runs to carry out a user task like listening to music or surfing the web.

(4.1 OS basics) What is an operating system? [Two Answers]

An operating system is a program that implements the detailed interactions with hardware (among other things), presenting an application program with a more abstract interface like "Display '6' to the screen". An operating system is a special program with various duties, such as interfacing with hardware (providing a more abstract view to applications), managing files and folders, and running multiple applications seemingly simultaneously (multitasking) for one or more users.

(4.3 OS stories) When was Apple Computer founded?

Apple Computer was founded in 1976

(4.3 OS stories) Apple Computer was founded with what purpose?

Apple Computer was founded with the purpose of building personal computers, a new and exciting kind of computer at the time.

(4.3 OS stories) What did Apple do in 1996, as it was nearing bankruptcy?

Apple bought NeXT and brought back Steve Jobs.

(4.1 OS basics) True or False: Computers are limited to serving a single user at a time.

False Some computers have multiple simultaneous users, such as a server computer.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) What items should be deleted first when "cleaning up a drive"?

Deleting largest items first is logical.

(4.1 OS basics) What are some desktop operating systems that support multi-users?

Desktop operating systems like Windows and Mac OS X support multi-users but are commonly used by a single user.

(4.1 OS basics) (Table 4.1.1: Common file types and extensions. Hundreds more exist.) File type: Microsoft Office document Extension: (?) Description: (?)

Extension: *.docx *.pptx *.xlsx Description: A Microsoft Office document file is used by the Microsoft Word (.docx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and Excel (.xlsx) apps to save each apps' files in a way suitable for later editing. (The * means any filename start).

(4.1 OS basics) (Table 4.1.1: Common file types and extensions. Hundreds more exist.) File type: Executable file Extension: (?) Description: (?)

Extension: *.exe (Windows) Description: An executable file is an application; executables for Windows typically end with .exe. (The * means any filename start).

(4.1 OS basics) (Table 4.1.1: Common file types and extensions. Hundreds more exist.) File type: Media file Extension: (?) Description: (?)

Extension: *.jpg *.png *.mp4 *.mov *.mp3 ... Description: A media file stores a picture (jpg/png), video (mp4, mov), audio (mp3), or other media item. (The * means any filename start).

(4.1 OS basics) (Table 4.1.1: Common file types and extensions. Hundreds more exist.) File type: PDF Extension: (?) Description: (?)

Extension: *.pdf Description: A PDF file, short for Portable Document Format, describes formatted text/graphics suitable for viewing and printing, independently of apps like a word processor, web browser, etc. PDF is an open standard (previously proprietary to Adobe Systems). PDF files are usually for viewing/printing only and are not edited by a user, but rather are produced by another app like a word processor. (The * means any filename start).

(4.3 OS stories) The company name Microsoft is short for ...

Microcomputer software

(4.4 Being a good OS user) In recent years, what has been a common trend among operating systems in terms of user interaction?

In recent years, operating systems have become much simpler and intuitive to use (in the past, a user had to know about OS commands, OS folders, device drivers, and more).

(4.1 OS basics) What are some of the various duties of an operating system?

Interfacing with hardware (providing a more abstract view to applications), managing files and folders, and running multiple applications seemingly simultaneously (multitasking) for one or more users.

(4.3 OS stories) What eventually lead to the Windows graphical OS? What was the Windows graphical OS originally built upon?

MS-DOS eventually lead to the Windows graphical OS. The Windows graphical OS was originally built on top of MS-DOS.

(4.3 OS stories) What was the name of the OS that Apple developed for/to accompany its computers?

Mac OS

(4.3 OS stories) What is the main OS for Apple's computers today?

Mac OS X

(4.1 OS basics) What is visible on both the Mac OS X and Windows main graphical view?

Mac OS X and Windows both show some file/folder/app items on the OS's main graphical view.

(4.1 OS basics) What do both Mac OS X and Windows provide users with to manage folder/file/app items?

Mac OS X provides an application named Finder, and Windows provides Windows Explorer

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Table 4.4.1: Common methods to clean up a drive.) Method: Empty the recycle/trash bin

Many OSes give users a chance to "undelete" a deleted item, by placing deleted items in a recycle/trash bin. When cleaning up a drive, a user may need to tell the OS to empty the bin—of course, after ensuring that items really aren't needed.

(4.1 OS basics) What are some of the functions that most operating systems provide users?

Most operating systems provide some way for a user to see what folder/file/app items exist on a drive, as well as to move, delete, or create new items, or to find items whose name or contents match certain words.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Table 4.4.1: Common methods to clean up a drive.) Method: Delete some movies, songs, and photos (Description: ?)

Movie files are huge, often several gigabytes, so usually the first to go. Songs and photos are large, often many megabytes, but in high quantities can add up to a lot. On a smartphone or tablet, these items are often the main contributors to drive usage.

(4.3 OS stories) What formed the basis for Apple's OS, Mac OS X?

NeXTSTEP

(4.3 OS stories) What was the name of the OS NeXT Computer developed to run on NeXT computers?

NeXTSTEP

(4.1 OS basics) What is another name for an operating system?

OS

(4.1 OS basics) What are some common types of files, and what are they used for?

PDF files (for formatted documents, and JPEG files (for images).

(4.4 Being a good OS user) True or False: A user commonly doesn't quit previous apps before running another app.

True

(4.3 OS stories) What was the original name of the operating system that Bill Gates later introduced as MS-DOS?

Quick and Dirty Operating System, or QDOS.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Table 4.4.1: Common methods to clean up a drive.) Method: Delete some PDF files

Some PDF files (like for entire books) can be hundreds of megabytes.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Table 4.4.1: Common methods to clean up a drive.) Method: Remove/uninstall some apps

Some apps can be quite large.

(4.3 OS stories) Who founded Apple Computer?

Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak

(4.1 OS basics) What is a desktop?

The OS's main graphical view.

(4.1 OS basics) What does the application named Finder, provided by Mac OS X, allow users to do?

The application named Finder, provided by Mac OS X, allows users to manage folder/file/app items.

(4.1 OS basics) What does the application named Windows Explorer, provided by Windows, allow users to do?

The application named Windows Explorer, provided by Windows, allows users to manage folder/file/app items.

(4.1 OS basics) What is a filename extension?

The different abbreviations for every type of file, which can be found after the filename's period (E.g myfile.pdf for a PDF file).

(4.1 OS basics) What is the purpose of filename extensions?

The extension informs users and applications of the file's type.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) What is referred to by the phrase "cleaning up a drive"?

The removal of unneeded files, folders, and apps.

(4.1 OS basics) What is the role of an OS?

The role of an OS is to manage files and folders, keeping track of such items' locations on a drive, making such items visible to a user, and allowing a user to open files or run apps.

(4.1 OS basics) How does an OS manage multiple applications that are running at the same time?

To a user, multiple applications like a music player and a web browser appear to be running simultaneously, but in fact the OS is running a little bit of each application at a time, switching thousands of times per second.

(4.3 OS stories) True or False: NeXT Computers was not particularly successful

True

(4.3 OS stories) What was the OS NeXTSTEP based on?

Unix

(4.1 OS basics) What are common operating systems for desktop computers?

WIndows, Mac OS X, and Linux

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Table 4.4.1: Common methods to clean up a drive.) Method: Remove temporary Internet files

Web browsers may make local copies of a web page's images, so a next visit to the page is faster (saving time by not downloading the same image over the Internet). Such browsers usually have built-in cleanup options.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) Why do apps sometimes not run properly and/or complain when a drive is full?

When a drive is full, many apps won't run properly and/or will complain because most apps need to create new files while running.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) Why should a "good OS user" occasionally remove unneeded files, folders, and apps?

When a drive is full, many apps won't run properly and/or will complain because most apps need to create new files while running. A nearly-full drive may cause apps to run slowly because the apps and OS will struggle to find drive space.

(4.3 OS stories) What prompted Jobs to resign from Apple?

Windows PC's dominated the market in the mid-1980's, and Jobs clashed with other Apple executives about the company's future directions. This situation prompted Apple's board to strip Jobs of most duties; without duties, Jobs resigned.

(4.3 OS stories) Who dominated the market for personal computers in the mid-1980's?

Windows PC's dominated the market.

(4.1 OS basics) What is another name for an application?

app

(4.3 OS stories) At the time (around 1975), IBM was known for ...

building large business computers.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) A computer's drive is also called a ...

disk

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Figure 4.4.2: Example of a browser's built-in cleanup for temporary Internet files.) To learn about a browser's built-in clean up, one can ...

do a web search, as in searching for: cleanup internet files firefox.

(4.4 Being a good OS user) (Figure 4.4.3: Minimizing or closing an app may result in the app still running; an explicit Quit may be needed.)

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(4.1 OS basics) How is iOS (for Apple smartphones and tablets) unique compared to Windows and Mac OS X in terms of item management?

iOS (for Apple smartphones and tablets) is somewhat unique by only showing apps, letting each app manage the app's own folders/files.

(4.1 OS basics) What are common operating systems for tablets and smartphones?

iOS and Android