Chapter 4

____ theories are approaches that view children as having some innate knowledge in domains of special evolutionary importance and domain-specific learning mechanisms for rapidly and effortlessly acquiring additional information in those domains.

Core knowledge

according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, young children will often talk aloud to themselves as a means of controlling their behavior. This is referred to as_______________.

Private speech

_____ theories place the LEAST emphasis on children's own efforts to understand the world compared to other theories of cognitive development.

Sociocultural

Which factor is NOT a limitation of Jean Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a lack of symbolic representation egocentrism centration a lack of the conservation concept

a lack of symbolic representation

Seven-year-old Eleni recently learned in school that plants, and not just animals, move in ways that promote their survival. While this contradicts Eleni's previous assumption that animals are the only living things, her thinking has _____ this new information about plants and she is now sure of what it means to be "alive." According to Jean Piaget, Eleni has reached a state of _____.

accommodated; equilibrium

Four-year-old Trey thought the squirrel in his yard was a kitten until he noticed that it had short legs and a different-looking tail. This change in Trey's understanding of the animal in his yard illustrates Jean Piaget's process of:

accommodation.

Three-year-old Nesbitt is in the grocery story with his father when he notices an older man with a long, white beard and a protruding abdomen. To his father's embarrassment, Nesbitt points to the man and shouts, "Santa, Santa!" Nesbitt thought the man looked enough like Santa Claus that he could _____ the man to his concept of Santa Claus. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

assimilate

Which factor is NOT one of the major types of executive functioning described in the text? enhancing working memory possessing cognitive flexibility inhibiting tempting actions that would be counterproductive associating events with one another

associating events with one another

according to core-knowledge theorists, children possess naive theories in what three major domains?

biology, physics and psychology

Dynamic-systems theories focus on how _____ occurs over time in complex systems

change

Jean Piaget believed that children _____ knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.

construct

Jean Piaget's assertion that children are mentally and physically active from the moment of birth, which helps them contribute to their own development, is referred to as a(n) _____ approach.

constructivist

Dr. Lewis believes that children come into the world genetically predisposed to learn any language on earth. Dr. Lewis' view are in agreement with:

core-knowledge theories.

During their first "play date," 2-year-old Brinson stamped his feet and threw a ball at the window when 1-year-old Nadina refused to share her blocks with him. The next day, and despite never having had a tantrum before, Nadina stamped her feet and threw a ball at the window when her mother tried to get her to eat her lunch. Jean Piaget would refer to this behavior as:

deferred imitation.

sociocultural theories emphasize the child's___________.

direct interactions with others

Overlapping values theory explains children's ability to____________

discover new strategies that lead to more efficient problem solving

The text provides an example of how young children come to understand that both plants and animals are alive. The disparity between their previous understanding of living things and their realization that plants move toward the sun to aid in their survival creates a state of ____.

disequilibrium

Mrs. Spence asks Caleb if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Caleb asks her to keep it in one piece because he is not hungry enough to eat two pieces. Caleb's answer suggests that he:

does not yet understand the concept of conservation.

The basic understandings proposed by core-knowledge theorists are assumed to be _____, that is, limited to a particular area.

domain specific

According to core-knowledge theorists, examples of innate knowledge in domains of evolutionary importance do NOT include:

driving an automobile.

Although Piaget argues that infants younger than 8 months fail the A-not-B error test due to a lack of object permanence, proponents of dynamic-systems theories argue their failure is_______________

due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention.

Thinking that does not factor in the viewpoints of others is known as ________

egocentrism

core-knowledge theories argue that______________Play(s) a role in cognitive development.

evolution

Sidney is learning about inertia in her physics class; this indicates she is MOST likely in Jean Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Five year old Marcus is learning gymnastics. He's having trouble on the balance beam, so his teacher assists by holding his hands as he walks across. This interaction can be described as_________________.

guided participation

According to Jean Piaget, children who are in the concrete operational stage CANNOT reason about:

hypothetical situations

Information-processing theories note several limits on children's thinking.Which of the following is not one of these limits? memory capacity implementation of task analysis speed of processing information ability to utilize problem-solving strategies

implementation of task analysis

According to _____ theorists, cognitive development occurs when children overcome their processing limitations by expanding their processing capacity and speed and acquiring new strategies and knowledge.

information-processing

Dr. Boyd subscribes to the notion that children's cognitive growth occurs continuously, and he practices task analysis to predict children's behavior. Dr. Boyd is a(n) _____ theorist.

information-processing

According to Piaget, development is both continuous and discontinuous. Which of the following aspects of Piagetian theory would be considered a source of discontinuity? Assimilation Accommidation equilibration invariant stages

invariant stages

Jamal is walking with his mother. He taps her on the arm, points to an animal, and says Doggie! This is an example of

joint attention

Factual knowledge is an example of _____ memory.

long-term

Shanda is amazed at her grandmother's ability to recall the details of every book she has read. Shanda's grandmother has stored this information into her _____ memory.

long-term

According to information-processing theories, the ability to encode,store, and retrieve information is referred to as__________

memory

A noted accomplishment during Piaget's sensorimotor stage is __________

object permanence

Although 15-month-old Lena has been walking unassisted for several months, on recent trips to the park her father noticed Lena walking on some areas of the playground but crawling on others. Lena's regression from walking to crawling in this example is best explained by which theory?

overlapping waves theory

Rhonda is currently attending preschool, and Edward is in the 1st grade. According to Jean Piaget, Rhonda is MOST likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development, and Edward is MOST likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

pre operational; pre operational

While 4-year-old Lutfi is putting a puzzle together, he tells himself where to put the pieces, and scolds himself when they do not fit. Lutfi is engaging in:

private speech

The process of focusing only on the information that is most relevant to one's current goal, at the expense of other information, is called _____.

selective attention

Piagets theories of cognitive development is comprised of four invariant stages from birth to adolescence. Which of the following is the correct chronology of these stages?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Jonah is teaching his 10-year-old daughter to build a bird house. At first, Jonah is very specific in his instructions and how to use the proper tools. On the next bird house, he asks her what should be done next and gives less specific instructions. In the future she is permitted to build a bird house on her own. Jonah is using _____ to help his daughter acquire a new skill.

social scaffolding

In many ways, psychologist Lev Vygotsky is the founder of the _____ approach to cognitive development.

sociocultural

Information-processing theorists use _____ to understand and predict a child's behavior.

task analysis

When 2-year-old Tommy plays with his wagon he will pull it, push it, or try to stand on the wagon depending on what he trying to accomplish. According to dynamic-systems theory Tommy is demonstrating:

variation.

Joe's ability to understand the book he just read is the result of his _____ memory, whereas his knowledge of how to play one of his video games is caused by his _____ memory.

working; long-term