Chapter 4: Intro to Criminal Justice

Modus Operandi

A system for solving crimes that facilitated the identification of crime patterns This system was first implemented by August Vollmer.

Tything or Tithing

A system of policing that replaced the borh. A tithing was a group of all males age 12 or older from 10 households.

Frankpledge

A system of policing that replaces the borh. A frankpledge included all males age 12 or older from 10 households into groups referred to as tythings

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

An act introduced by Sir Robert Peel, which established London's Metropolitan Police Force. This is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

Omnibus Crime Control and Sade Streets Act of 1968

An at that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, addressed the admissibility of confession in criminal trials, established rules for obtaining wiretap order by police agencies, and included provisions that regulated firearm sales and possession.

Borh

Earliest known system of policing in England. The Borh was a unit that was responsible for policing and security. It was generally a collective of 12 individuals who stood surety for one another's good behavior.

Third Degree

Early methods used by police officers that included brutalizing an individual in order to gather information

Sheriffs

Early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense. The term is believed to have come from the previous role of shire reeve.

Police Matron

Title frequently given to women who worked in the early days of policing

Watchmen

Used to protect property in England's larger cities and towns, these individuals wore leather helmets and patrolled at night to protect the community from robberies, fires, and other disturbances.

Peelian Principles

Widely cited list that described Sir Robert Peel's philosophy of an ethical police force. Accountability of officers, measures of success, and trust.

Parish Constable

policing Agent who operated in smaller towns. Initially elected by the parishioners, the parish constable was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

A law passed by the U.S. Congress that addressed fears of a "slave power conspiracy" as the number of slaves grew. This law created the need for slave patrols, which became the purview of police officers.

Peelers

Nickname for officers in Ireland named for Sir Robert Peel. Replaced sytem of parish constables and night watchmen.

Bobbies

Nickname of officers in Britain named for Sir Robert Peel. Bobbies replaced the existing( and generally corrupt) system of parish constables and night watchmen.

Slave Patrol

Policing group that originated in 1704 in South Carolina and consisted of a group of 3-6 white males from across the socioeconomic spectrum. Their purpose was to regulate the behavior of slaves and to hunt down and punish escaped slaves

Shire Reeves

Precursors to sheriffs

Thief Takers

Privately hired men hired by victims to capture criminal offenders. Once the offender was captured, the thief taker was paid a bounty. Often there individuals were very corrupt.

Vigilantes

Self-appointed distributors of justice- at least justice as they see it.

Covered Jurisdiction

States, cities, or countries that must submit proposed voting changes to the U.S. Department of Justice because of their history of discrimination against minority voters. Ex: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia

Hundred

Ten tithings grouped together into a collective for police and security purposes. supervised by hundredman.

Literacy Tests

Tests used to deny blacks the right to vote.