chapter 4 Learning

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye. b. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food. c. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink. d. A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5, he began to breathe faster. Sue's kiss was the: a. UCS. b. UCR. c. CS. d. CR.

a. UCS.

25. Operant conditioning assumes that: a. events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future. b. one's mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation. c. voluntary behaviors are reflexive. d. one learns by watching others' behavior.

a. events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future.

18. If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting ________. a. generalization b. discrimination c. higher-order conditioning d. extinction

a. generalization

1. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response

a. unconditioned stimulus.

27. During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because _______ had occurred. a. classical conditioning b. cognitive learning c. instrumental conditioning d. operant conditioning

b. cognitive learning

22. The schedule of reinforcement that yields the slowest increase in a behavior and the fastest extinction of the behavior when the schedule is stopped is ________. a. variable ratio b. continuous reinforcement c. partial reinforcement d. fixed interval

b. continuous reinforcement

19. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of _______. a. extinction b. discrimination c. avoidance training d. desensitization

b. discrimination

20. You have a class in which you have a quiz every Friday. Your studying for quizzes is reinforced on what type of schedule? a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

b. fixed interval

15. Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A's, Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes. Which operant process does the example illustrate? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. extinction d. punishment

b. negative reinforcement

24. To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________ . a. modeling b. shaping c. negative reinforcement d. secondary learning

b. shaping

17. Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate? a. They are used in negative reinforcement. b. They weaken behaviors that they follow. c. They strengthen behaviors that they follow. d. They strengthen behaviors that lead to their removal.

c. They strengthen behaviors that they follow.

23. Gretta spends a lot of time at the race track betting on ponies, and occasionally she wins. The frequency of her betting is controlled by which of the following? a. fixed ratio schedules b. a continuous reinforcement schedule c. a partial schedule of reinforcement d. luck

c. a partial schedule of reinforcement

12. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________. a. primary reinforcer b. positive reinforcer c. negative reinforcer d. secondary reinforcer

c. negative reinforcer

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur? a. unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response b. conditioned response and unconditioned response c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus d. neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

10. A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room. What is the cookie in this example? a. conditioned response b. punisher c. positive reinforcer d. negative reinforcer

c. positive reinforcer

13. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. positive reinforcement

c. punishment

14. Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is __________. a. a secondary reinforcer b. an aversive stimulus c. punishment d. negative reinforcement

c. punishment

11. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use? a. generalization b. extinction c. shaping d. punishment

c. shaping

30. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ . a. Watson b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Tolman

d. Tolman

Who was Little Albert? a. developer of the concept of classical conditioning b. an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures c. creator of methods for teaching children d. a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

d. a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

26. In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, __________ . a. children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model rewarded b. children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model punished c. children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded d. children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

d. children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________. a. vicarious learning b. the Law of Effect c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

d. classical conditioning

29. Insight is a concept associated with _______ learning theory. a. classical b. operant c. social d. cognitive

d. cognitive

. Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________. a. cat food b. cat c. running of the cats d. cupboard door opening

d. cupboard door opening

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ . a. shaping b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction

d. extinction

28. Though Jenny tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair, she simply could not reach. Suddenly she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair, she would be high enough to reach the puzzle. Jenny's solution is best explained by which of the following? a. her previous history of conditioning b. her previous experiences with reaching objects that are out of reach c. latent learning d. insight

d. insight

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as: a. social learning. b. higher-order conditioning. c. cognitive learning. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

16. Negative reinforcement is best thought of as: a. reinforcement for an undesirable activity. b. punishment. c. something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so. d. stimuli whose termination or removal increases behavior.

d. stimuli whose termination or removal increases behavior

21. Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval

d. variable-interval